Hindu religion and culture inSingapore can be traced to the 7th century AD, whenTemasek was a trading post of Hindu-BuddhistSrivijaya empire.[1] A millennium later, a wave of immigrants from southernIndia were brought to Singapore, mostly ascoolies andindentured labourers by theBritish East India Company and colonial British Empire.[2][3] As with Malay peninsula, the British administration sought to stabilise a reliable labour force in its regional plantation and trading activities; it encouraged Hindus to bring family through thekangani system of migration, settle, build temples and segregated it into a community that later becameLittle India.[4][5]
There are currently about thirty main Hindu temples in Singapore. There were an estimated 172,963 Hindus in Singapore according to the 2020 Census constituting 5.0% of the Singapore's resident[a] population.[6][7][8] Almost all Hindus in Singapore are ethnic Indians (99%), with some who have married into Hindu families. Hinduism peaked at 5.5% of the total population in 1931.[9]
In Singapore, the Hindu festival ofDeepavali is recognised as a national public holiday. Some non-Indians, usuallyBuddhist Chinese, participate in various Hindu activities. Unlike various states of Malaysia and Indonesia, Singapore places no restrictions on religious freedoms of Hindus.
| Year | Percent | Increase |
|---|---|---|
| 1849 | 2.8% | - |
| 1911 | 5.0% | +2.2% |
| 1921 | 4.6% | −0.4% |
| 1931 | 5.5% | +0.9% |
| 1980 | 3.6% | −1.9% |
| 1990 | 3.7% | +0.1% |
| 2000 | 4.0% | +0.3% |
| 2010 | 5.1% | +1.1% |
| 2015 | 4.96% | −0.14% |
| 2020 | 5.0% | +0.04% |
Population of resident ethnic group registered as Hindus 2020.[7] The proportion of Indians following Islam, Christianity and Buddhism are relatively higher as the Singaporean Census calculate Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankan etc under ethnic Indian Category.[10]
| Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus | Percentage Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus | Percentage of Resident Population | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 458 | 0.018% | 75.36% | 2,606,881 |
| Malays | 223 | 0.05% | 12.94% | 447,747 |
| Indians | 171,326 | 57.29% | 8.65% | 299,056 |
| Others | 956 | 0.91% | 3.05% | 105,410 |
| Overall | 172,963 | 5.00% | 100% | 3,459,093 |
Population of resident ethnic group registered as Hindus 2015.[11]
| Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus | Percentage Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus | Percentage of Resident Population | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 300 | 0.012% | 76.84% | 2,517,580 |
| Malays | 100 | 0.03% | 11.88% | 389,090 |
| Indians | 161,800 | 59.88% | 8.25% | 270,220 |
| Others | 400 | 0.403% | 3.03% | 99,300 |
| Overall | 162,600 | 4.964% | 100% | 3,276,190 |
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Hindu religion and culture inSingapore can be traced back to the 7th century Hindu Srivijaya empire when Temasek was a small trading post.[1] By the 10th century,TamilChola influence arrived. With Islam's expansion in the region from 14th through 17th century, the Hindu-Buddhist influence, in and around Singapore, faded. The colonial era brought major changes in the seats of power and religious influence in the region.[4]
The early 19th century saw a wave of Hindu immigrants toSingapore fromsouthern India, mostlyTamils, brought in to work as coolies and labourers by theBritish East India Company inSingapore.[4][5] These immigrants brought along their religion and culture. Their arrival saw the building of temples throughout the island in theDravidian form of architecture, and the beginnings of a vibrant Hindu culture.
Though the labourers were mostly responsible for introducing and preserving their religion in their new home, in later times, monetary contributions were made by the richer Hindu merchants to build up the makeshift shacks that served as their place of worship. The temples also served to hold the community together, being a source of comfort to those far away in a foreign land.
The first verifiable temple,Sri Mariamman Temple inChinatown, was built as early as 1827 byNarayana Pillai, a clerk toSir Stamford Raffles; it was dedicated to the Hindu goddessMariamman, an incarnation of theMother Goddess. He first erected a wooden, thatched hut on this site that he had purchased in 1823. The present temple was completed by 1863.
The Hindu temples of Singapore are built in the Dravidian style, mainly the Tamil style found inTamil Nadu,India. This style is known for its imposing 'gopurams' or entrance towers, complexfriezes, intricatecarvings andpaintings ormurals done on the walls and ceilings.
Two government bodies deal with all Hindu affairs — TheHindu Endowments Board and theHindu Advisory Board.
There are currently about thirty main temples in Singapore, dedicated to various gods and goddesses from theHindu pantheon.
Hindus make up a minority, comprising about 5.1% (2010 Census) of adult Singapore citizens and permanent residents. Among 15 years or older population, there were about 158,000 Hindus according to Singapore's 2010 Census; 37% of all Hindus in Singapore speak Tamil at home, while another 42% speak English.[12] Vast majority of Hindus in Singapore are ethnic South Indians. The small numbers of non-Indian Hindus are mainly Chinese and Malay women who were adopted by or married into Hindu families.
There are 3 Hindu temples which are gazetted asnational monuments of Singapore. TheSri Mariamman Temple was the first Hindu temple to become a national monument in 1973,[13] theSri Srinivasa Perumal Temple in 1978[14] and theSri Thendayuthapani Temple in 2014.[15][16]
Different communities have also established their own temples in Singapore. For instance, theSri Lankan Tamil community established the Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple at Ceylon Road and theChettiar community set up the Sri Thandayuthapani Temple at Tank Road. TheNorth Indian community also established the Sri Lakshminarayan Temple, built in the North Indian style.
In Singapore a number of non-Indians, such as Buddhist Chinese, participate in a variety of Hindu activities, including praying to Hindu deities, donating money to the temple funds and participating in Hindu festivals like Deepavali, thefire-walking ceremony, andThaipusam. Certain temples, such as the Sri Krishnan Temple in Waterloo Street, or some Hindu temples inYishun have also built up substantial followers among the Chinese community, who often visit these temples on their way to or from visiting nearby Chinese temples.
Some of the major Hindu festivals celebrated every year includeDeepavali (Diwali),Thaipusam,Pongal,Tamil New Year or Varuda Pirappu,Holi also known as Festival of Colours andThimithi or otherwise known as the Fire Walking Festival.
Deepavali is the only Hindu religious public holiday in Singapore.[17] The Hindus have also urged the government to makeThaipusam, a former public holiday, to be reinstated as a public holiday as the Christian and Muslim religions have two public holiday each.[18][19]
Before the independence of Singapore in 1965, each religious group was having one to three religious public holidays with both Hindu festivals of Deepavali and Thaipusam as national public holidays.
After the independence of Singapore, each religious group were asked, with the exception of the Buddhist religious group as there was only one Buddhist religious public holiday, to choose a religious public holiday of their own to be removed to reduce the overall number of public holidays in Singapore for Singapore to be competitive in the global market. Thaipusam was chosen to be removed as a public holiday by the Hindus.[20]
After the 1968 amendment of the 1966 Holidays Act, two public holidays were designated each for the Christian (Good Friday andChristmas) and Muslim (Eid al-Fitr andEid al-Adha) religions while only one public holiday was designated to both the Hindu (Deepavali) and Buddhist (Vesak Day) religions.[20][21]
Subsequently there were calls from the Hindus to reinstate Thaipusam as a public holiday. In 2015, a petition was launched by educator Sangeetha Thanapal which attracted nearly 20,000 signatures. A rally was also planned in Hong Lim Park but was cancelled by the police.[18][22]
