Hilarion | |
|---|---|
_(cropped).jpg) | |
| Abbot,Venerable | |
| Born | AD 291 Thabatha, south ofGaza inSyria Palaestina,Roman Empire |
| Died | AD 371 Province of Cyprus, Roman Empire |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | Pre-congregation |
| Feast | October 21 |
| Attributes | Scroll, monastic habit |
Hilarion (291–371), also known by the bynamesof Thavata,[1]of Gaza,[2] and in the Orthodox Church asthe Great[3] was a Christiananchorite who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example ofAnthony the Great (c. 251–356). While Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the Egyptian Desert, Hilarion, who lived in thecoastal area nearGaza, is considered by his biographerJerome (c. 342/347 – 420), to be the founder of Palestinian monasticism[4] - regarding this claim see also Hilarion's contemporary,Chariton (mid-3rd century – c. 350), founder of monasticism in theJudaean Desert.[1] Hilarion is venerated as a saint exemplifying monastic virtues by theEastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and theRoman Catholic Church.
Hilarion was born around 291 to pagan parents in Tabatha, a village five miles north of Gaza.[5] Hilarion was at least bilingual, speaking both Greek as well asAramaic which was common around Gaza.[6] His pagan parents sent him in his youth to study with agrammarian in Alexandria, where he gave, according to Jerome, a remarkable proof of his ability and character and became an accomplished speaker.[7] While in Alexandria, he heard of thehermit Anthony and set off to study with him. After two months of learning the ascetic life from Anthony, Hilarion started to feel that the many visitors who came to Anthony for healing or exorcism were too much to bear and he decided to set off in the wilderness of Palestine to live alone as a hermit.[8][9]
Hilaron returned to Gaza where he found his parents dead and subsequently gave away his goods to his brothers and the poor.[10] He then established himself as a hermit in the desert inland from the coastal road, seven miles fromMaiuma, the port of Gaza.[5] Though he went on one occasion to Jerusalem to venerate the holy sites, he chose not to live in the Judaean Desert as he did not wish to appear to confine God within prescribed limits, believing he could be close to God anywhere.[11] Around 308, he built a hut where he lived in solitude for 22 years and which survived into the time of Jerome.[12][10] Hilarion wove baskets as he had learned in Egypt where this was a common monastic occupation.[8] Here he also struggled against fleshly desires and Jerome said that the devil tempted Hilarion by igniting the "flames of lust" in the young man. Hilarion fought this sexual desire by mortifying his body with hunger, thirst and strenuous labour.[9]
After the 22 years he lived in his solitary hut, Hilarion was approached by a brave woman who sought a cure for her sterility. First, he resisted, but soon he prayed for her upon which she was healed. From then on, Hilarion spent his life surrounded by disciples and people in need of healing andexorcism.[9] Jerome reports several episodes in which Hilarion heals people, drives out demons, foresees the future, performs miracles and speaks divinely inspired words of wisdom. In one instance, Hilarion was able to heal the three children ofHelpidius, who would later becomepraetorian prefect[13] InBethelea, Hilarion healed miraculously a certain Alaphion, which led to the conversion of the prominent family of the historian Sozomen.[14]
As there were no monasteries in Palestine or Syria at the time,[15] people began to flock to Hilarion forspiritual training.[12][16] Sozomen, possibly due to his local sources, singles out Epiphanius and Hesyach as the two most outstanding in the circle around Hilarion.[17] Epiphanius, who is known by the bynames 'of Eleutheropolis' and 'of Salamis', became his disciple after returning from Egypt and would later go to Cyprus where he introduced monasticism and was elected bishop ofSalamis around 367/368.[18] With many more people seeking his guidance, Hilarion established a monastery during the reign ofemperor Constantius (337–361) which, by the time he was sixty-three, consisted of a large community with many visitors.[14]
Hilarion remained in Gaza until three years after the death of Anthony (around 356), upon which he went to the place where Anthony had died in Egypt in order to escape the crowds that visited him.[13][10] While he was there, the paganJulian became emperor of the East in the winter of 361/362 and the city authority of Gaza attempted to arrest Hilarion who then had to flee. Jerome's and Sozomen's account differs slightly as Jerome writes that Hilarion escaped arrest in Egypt and lived there until Julian's death before travelling to Sicily, Hilarion went according to Sozomen directly to Sicily.[5] From there, he went soon to Epidauros inDalmatia where he was said to have stilled the sea during thetsunami of 21 July 365 by drawing three crosses in the sand. Immediately after that, he went to Cyprus.[19]
Hilarion was welcomed in Cyprus by his old disciple Epiphanius who encouraged him to stay.[20] He initially settled nearPaphos but later retired to a more remote place twelve miles away.[10] Here, Hilarion died at the age of eighty and was buried.[19] Ten months after Hilarion's death, his disciple Hesyach stole his body, which was perfectly preserved andsmelled sweetly, and interred it in his own monastery at Maiuma.[17][19]
Sozomen reports that after Hilarion's body was interred athis monastery, the local population started to celebrate an annual festival at the place.[21] Hisrelics continued to be venerated and are also mentioned by theanonymous Piacenza Pilgrim around the year 570.[22]
Hilarion was venerated from early time in both East and West as an example of monastic holiness.Bede included him in his martyrology and he appeared frequently inPre-Conquest English monastic calendars before his feast was ousted by those ofUrsula andDunstan's ordination.[10] Charlemagne is said to have brought the relics of Hilarion toMoissac Abbey from where they were transferred to the church ofDuravel in 1065.[23]
Hilarion is the patron saint ofCaulonia, a southern Italian town inCalabria, under the name Sant'Ilario.[24]
Onicons, Hilarion is depicted as an old man with a brown, rush-like beard divided into three points and he holds sometimes a scroll which reads: "The tools of a monk are steadfastness, humility, and love according to God."[3]
Upon Hilarion's death, Epiphanius announced his death in a laudatory letter which served as primary source for bothJerome andSozomenus who wrote subsequent hagiographies about Hilarion.[20] Jerome wrote hisLife of Hilarion in Latin around 390 in the monastery ofPaula in Bethlehem. Jerome's work was translated into Greek by contemporary writer Sophronius upon whose translation Jerome looked favourably.[25] Jerome was inspired by reading theLife of Anthony which also served as a literary model with regard to its content and ecclesiastic function of the text.[26] There are two major themes Jerome focuses on, one being Hilarion's search for a life of solitary prayer andcontemplation and the other being Hilarion's role as successor to Anthony.[19] Jerome's goal was not so much to write a historical exact account but rather a hagiographic composition focusing on the life and deeds of Hilarion.[14] Though Jerome's historical accuracy has been occasionally questioned, there can be no doubt that Hilarion was a historical figure and that Gaza became during his time a center of monasticism.[12][27]
Hilarion's life is mentioned in the third, fifth and sixth book of Sozomen'sEcclesiastical history, which was written in the 440s.[28] Whereas in the third book no new information to Jerome's Life of Hilarion is added and is in parts less detailed,[29] Sozomen adds new information in the fifth and sixth books, possibly thanks to his local sources and own family history. Sozomen's own origin and literary aims as a historian therefore result in a different historical sketch of Hilarion's life than that of Jerome.[28]
Hilarion is also mentioned twice in theSayings of the Desert Fathers.[30]
Johann Gottfried Herder wrote the poem "The Paradise in the desert" about the teacher-disciple relation between Anthony and Hilarion in 1797.[31] This motif was also taken up by Gustave Flaubert in hisThe Temptation of Saint Anthony, though changed, as Hilarion attempts to tempt Anthony away from his faith by creating doubt.[32]Hermann Hesse adapted a biography of Hilarion as one of the threeLives of Joseph Knecht, making his Nobel Prize–winning novelThe Glass Bead Game (also known asMagister Ludi).
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