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| High Prussian | |
|---|---|
| Hochpreußisch (Breslau(i)sch /Oberländisch) | |
| Native to | Poland,Germany |
| Region | historicallyErmland, but also parts ofWest andEast Prussia; today moribund and spoken among someHeimatvertriebene inGermany that wereexpelled after 1945 |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | high1271 |
High Prussian (German:Hochpreußisch) is a group ofEast Central German dialects in formerEast Prussia, in present-dayWarmian-Masurian Voivodeship (Poland) andKaliningrad Oblast (Russia). High Prussian developed in the 13th–15th centuries, brought in by German settlers mainly fromSilesia andThuringia, and was influenced by theBalticOld Prussian language.
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High Prussian is a Central German dialect formally spoken inPrussia. It is separated from its only adjacent German dialect, Low Prussian, by theBenrath line and theUerdingen line, the latter dialect beingLow German. This was once one of the, if not the hardest linguistic border within theGerman dialects.[1]
It shares some features with Low Prussian, differentiating it from other Central German dialects east of theGermersheim line [de].
Those Borussisms are:[2]: 79
J. A. Lilienthal, a teacher fromBraunsberg, first recorded the term "Breslauisch" for High Prussian as anendonym in Warmia in 1842.[3]: 195 Thereafter, it was considered obvious that Warmia was settled by Silesians, who brought their dialect with them.[1] Based on a comparison of toponymy, at least for Oberländer, Thuringia was seen as a potential origin, too.[2]: 78–81 The prevailing assumption was that the upper class emigrating to Prussia, most of which is known have come from Thuringia, would have brought their peasants with them. Walther Mitzka disputed this insisting on using linguistic criteria only. He determined that High Prussian deviated from the Silesian characteristics recognized as such in linguistics, leading him to conclusion that High Prussian could not be of Silesian origin.[4]: 62–65 Instead, within the East Central German dialects, he found the greatest linguistic affinity with the dialects of Lower Lusatia, the core of which lay betweenLübben in the west andGuben in the east. Based on those findings, Mitzka developed the theory that Central German settlers, whose arrival can be precisely determined by numerous tangible facts, left Mark Lausitz between 1290 and 1330, when political turmoils made settling in Prussia appear more attractive.[4]: 65–67
Erhard Riemann tested Mitzka's theory using further toponymy and concluded that the material was not sufficient to allow a reliable location of the origin of High Prussian. While the spread of words likebrüh ("hot") andMache ("girl) would lead to the conclusion of High Prussian being of Silesian origin, other words contradict it. These lead to different regional dialects in Eastern Central Germany or to even wider spread among the dialects of Central German. According to Riemann, we must therefore reckon with a stronger mixture of origins of the settlers and, when deriving Breslau, we should be satisfied with the statement that its origin lies somewhere in a very large area in East Central German, within which Lower Silesia and Lower Lusatia may have formed focal points.[5]
Almost all High Prussian speakers wereevacuated orexpelled from Prussia after 1945. Since the expellees scattered throughout Western Germany (with some exceptions, like the Ermländer settlement on a former military training area in Heckenbach/Eifel) the dialects are nowmoribund.[6] Most of the High Prussian speakers not expelled afterWorld War II relocated from Poland to Western Germany in the 1970s and 1980s as so-called late repatriates (Spätaussiedler). Today, the language is almost extinct, as its use is restricted to communication within the family and gatherings of expellees, where they are spoken out of nostalgia. In Poland, the language of the few non-displaced people was subjected to severe repression after 1945, which meant that the active use of the language was even lower than in Germany.[1][7] In both countries, the High Prussian dialects were not transmitted to the next generation, therefore, few elderly speakers remain. The German minority in Poland, recognized since 1991, uses Standard German.
Subdialects of High Prussian are:[8][9]
High Prussian dialects were spoken mainly in theCatholic region ofWarmia and adjacent East PrussianOberland region beyond thePassarge River in the west (aroundPreußisch Holland andMohrungen), subdivided intoBreslau(i)sch (from SilesianBreslau) andOberländisch.They were separated from theLow Prussian dialect area by theBenrath line isogloss to the west, north and east; to the south they bordered on the PolishMasurian dialect region.The places where Oberländisch was spoken includedMarienburg,Preußisch Holland,Freystadt andDeutsch Eylau.[10]
Breslauisch (also: Breslausch, Ermländisch) was mainly spoken in between the cities ofWormditt,Heilsberg,Bischofsburg andAllenstein.This area is almost identical to the portion of the formerPrince-Bishopric of Ermland governed by the bishop, which settled it with Central German peasants. The northern part was settled with Low German speakers by the cathedral chapter.[4]: 66–69 [1]
Linguistic features in consonantism are:[2]: 121–124
Oberländisch was mainly spoken in the districts ofPreußisch Holland andMohrungen and in the adjacent area east of theVistula.
According to popular opinion, the Oberland was settled in the 13th and 14th century by Thuringian peasants. They are said to have brought some of their town names with them (Mohrungen - Mohrungen [nowadays a quarter ofSangerhausen], Saalfeld -Saalfeld, and Mühlhausen -Mühlhausen). In line with Mitzkas theory, the village names merely reflect the origin of the upper classe settled there. Many settlement foundings were done by the patron of the Commendam ofChristburg Sieghard von Schwarzburg, who was from Thuringia. For the most part, the German villages in the Oberland were established between 1290 and 1330.[4]: 69
In the Commendam of Christburg, encompassing most of the Oberland,Old Prussians made up half of the inhabitants. Therefore, theOld Prussian language influenced the German dialect of the Oberland (e.g. Old Prussianmergo :Margell ("girl")[11]).[12]
While Breslauisch is a relative homogenous dialect, the Oberländisch dialect is permeated by several isogloss lines, according to Gerog Wenker, who collected data around 1880. He claimed,[citation needed] that this shows a dialect continuum between two extreme forms. He postulates that the dialects of the south west (district of Rosenberg in Western Prussia) were closest to Standard German while those of the north east (district of Preußisch Holland) were closest to Breslauisch. According to him, the dialect of the area surrounding Lauck (in the farthest east of Preußisch Holland) were almost identical to Breslauisch. In his view, the local dialects of Mohrungen we the transition forms.
The last two Wenker sentences (Nr. 39 and 40) should exemplify this:
| Nr. 39: Just go, the brown dog won't hurt you. | Nr. 40: I went to there corn fields over there, behind this meadow, with the folks. | |
|---|---|---|
| Vogtenthal, Kreis Rosenberg[13] | Geh man, dörr braune Hund titt dör nuscht. | Öch bön met dön Leut do hinten öber de Wös ens Korn gefohre. |
| Barten (Kreis Mohrungen)[14] | Geh‘ ma, de braune Hund titt dörr nuscht. | Ech sei met de Leit dao hinge eb’r de Wees en’s Korn gefaore. |
| Borchertsdorf, Kreis Preußisch Holland[15] | Geh man, da braune Hund titt dea nuscht. | Ech sei mete Leut do hinge ewa de Wes ens Koren gefohre. |
| For comparison: Breslauisch | ||
| Queetz,Kreis Heilsberg[16] | Geh dach, da braun Hungd tit da nuscht. | Ech sei mete Leute do hinge ewa de Wes ens Kohre gefohre. |
| Standard German | Geh nur, der braune Hund tut dir nichts. | Ich bin mit den Leuten da hinten über die Wiese ins Korn gefahren. |
According to Stuhrmann, Mitzka, Ziesemer, Teßmann Oberländisch forms a uniform subdialect. According to Kuck and more recent Szulc the language of the former district of Rosenberg had a special subdialect of High Prussian, which they calledRosenbergisch.[17]
The phonological characteristics mentioned above for Breslauisch do mostly apply to Oberlänisch, too, and are therefore common High Prussian features. The following features are the most prominent ones:[18][19]
Teßmann lists the following features as prominent:
A mixture of Oberländisch substrate, or regiolect,[citation needed] was spoken in Elbing.[20]August Schemionek published the following anecdote in 1881, in which the regiolect[citation needed] ofElbing is featured:
Ein Elbinger kommt nach Dresden und frühstückt im Hotel auf seinem Zimmer, wobei ihm der Napf mit Sahne umfällt. Er eilt nach dem Flur, wo er der Schleußerin zuruft: "Trautstes Margellche, öch hoab Mallöhr gehatt, der Schmandtopp es mer umgekäkelt on Salwiött on Teppich eene Gloms. Bring se urschend e Seelader rauffert." Die Schleußerin eilt zum Oberkellner: "Auf Nr. 77 sei ein Ausländer, dem sie kein Wort verstehen könne."
A man from Elbing visits Dresden and has breakfirst in his hotel room, when he spills his milk jug full of cream. He rushes to the hallway, telling the room servie girl: "Dear madam, I have got a situation here, I have spilled cream and now it is splattered all over the napkin and the carpet. Would you please be so kind to bring me a cleaning rag." The girl rushes to the manager: "There is a foreigner in room #77, whom I cannot understand at all."
— August Schemionek, Ausdrücke und Redensarten der Elbingschen Mundart, page 51f.
Hauptorte des Ermländischen [= Breslauschen] sind Heilsberg, Seeburg, Guttstadt, Wormditt. Im oberländischen Sprachgebiet liegen die Städte Mühlhausen, Pr. Holland, Liebstadt, Mohrungen, Liebemühl, Saalfeld, Osterode, Dt. Eylau, Rosenberg, Riesenburg, Freystadt, Stuhm, Christburg, Marienburg, Elbing.
