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High Priest of Amun

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Priestly title in ancient Egypt

High Priest of Amun
ḥm nṯr tpj njmn
inhieroglyphs

Era:New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)

TheHigh Priest of Amun orFirst Prophet of Amun (ḥm nṯr tpj njmn) was the highest-ranking priest in the priesthood of theancient Egyptian god Amun.^[1] The first high priests of Amun appear in theNew Kingdom of Egypt, at the beginning of theEighteenth Dynasty.

History

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The priesthood of Amun rose in power during the early Eighteenth dynasty through significant tributes to the god Amun by rulers such asHatshepsut and more importantlyThutmose III.^[2] The Amun priesthood in Thebes had four high-ranking priests:^[3]

The Chief Prophet of Amun at Karnak (ḥm nṯr tpj n jmn), also referred to as the Chief Priest of Amun.
TheSecond Prophet of Amun at Karnak (ḥm nṯr snnw n jmn), also referred to as the Second Priest of Amun.
The Third Prophet of Amun at Karnak (ḥm nṯr ḫmtnw n jmn khemet-nu), also referred to as the Third Priest of Amun.
The Fourth Prophet of Amun at Karnak (ḥm nṯr jfdw n jmn), also referred to as the Fourth Priest of Amun.

The power of the Amun priesthood was temporarily curtailed during the Amarna period. A high priest named Maya is recorded in year 4 ofAkhenaten. Akhenaten had the name of Amun removed from monuments during his reign as well as the names of several other deities. After his death, Amun was restored to his place of prominence among the cults in Egypt. The young pharaoh Tutankhaten changed his name toTutankhamun to signal the restoration of Amun to his former place of prominence.^[4]

The Theban High Priest of Amun was appointed by the King. It was not uncommon for the position to be held by dignitaries who held additional posts in the pharaoh's administration. Several of the high priests from the time ofRamesses II also served as Vizier.^[5]

At the end of the New Kingdom, theTwentieth Dynasty priesthood of Amun is for a large part dominated byRamessesnakht. His son, Amenhotep, eventually succeeded his father and found himself in conflict with the Viceroy of Kush,Pinehesy. Pinehesy took his troops north and besieged Thebes. After this period, generals by the name ofHerihor andPiankh served as High Priest.

By the time Herihor was proclaimed as the first ruling High Priest of Amun in 1080 BC—in the 19th Year ofRamesses XI—the Amun priesthood exercised an effective stranglehold on Egypt's economy. The Amun priests owned two-thirds of all the temple lands in Egypt and 90 percent of her ships plus many other resources.^[6] Consequently, the Amun priests were as powerful as the pharaoh, if not more so. The High Priests of Amun were of such power and influence that they were effectively the rulers ofUpper Egypt from 1080 to c. 943 BC, after which their influence declined. They are however not regarded as a ruling dynasty with pharaonic prerogatives, and after this period the influence of the Amun priesthood declined. One of the sons of the High Priest Pinedjem I would eventually assume the throne and rule Egypt for almost half a century as pharaohPsusennes I, while the Theban High Priest Psusennes III would take the throne as kingPsusennes II, the final ruler of theTwenty-first Dynasty of Egypt.

List of high priests

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Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt

All years areBC

First Dynasty	I	c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty	II	2890–2686

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty	III	2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty	IV	2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty	V	2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty	VI	2345–2181

First Intermediate

Seventh Dynasty	VII	spurious
Eighth Dynasty	VIII	2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty	IX	2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty	X	2130–2040
EarlyEleventh Dynasty	XI	2134–2061

Middle Kingdom

LateEleventh Dynasty	XI	2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty	XII	1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty	XIII	1803–1649

Second Intermediate

Fourteenth Dynasty	XIV	1705–1690
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos)	XV	1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty	XVI	1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty		1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty	XVII	1580–1549

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty	XVIII	1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty	XIX	1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty	XX	1189–1077

Third Intermediate

Twenty-first Dynasty	XXI	1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty	XXII	945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty	XXIII	837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty	XXIV	732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian)	XXV	732–653

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty	XXVI	672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period)	XXVII	525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty	XXVIII	404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty	XXIX	398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty	XXX	380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period)	XXXI	343–332

Hellenistic Egypt

Thirty-second Dynasty	XXXII	332–305
Thirty-third Dynasty	XXXIII	305–30

Roman Egypt

Thirty-fourth Dynasty
(Roman Pharaohs)

XXXIV

30 BC – 313 AD

Byzantine Egypt

Thirty-fifth Dynasty
(speculated)

XXXV

379 AD – 641 AD

See also:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
Periodization of ancient Egypt

Senenu, High Priest ofAmūn atDeir El-Baḥri, grinding grain,c. 1352–1292 B.C. (to the end of the 18th Dynasty),Limestone,Brooklyn Museum.

New Kingdom (18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties)

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**High Priest of Amun**
High Priests	Pharaoh	Dynasty
Djehuty	Ahmose I	18th Dynasty
Minmontu	Ahmose I	18th Dynasty
Hapuseneb	Hatshepsut	18th Dynasty
Menkheperraseneb I	Thutmose III	18th Dynasty
Menkheperreseneb II	Thutmose III	18th Dynasty
Amenemhat	Amenhotep II	18th Dynasty
Mery	Amenhotep II	18th Dynasty
Ptahmose	Amenhotep III	18th Dynasty
Meryptah	Amenhotep III	18th Dynasty
Maya	Akhenaten	18th Dynasty
Parennefer-Wennefer	Tutankhamun	18th Dynasty
Parennefer-Wennefer	Horemheb	18th Dynasty
Nebneteru Tenry	Seti I	19th Dynasty
Nebwenenef	Ramesses II	19th Dynasty
Hori
Paser
Bakenkhonsu
Roma-Rui	Ramesses II	19th Dynasty
	Merneptah
	Seti II
Bakenkhons II^[7]	Sethnakht	20th Dynasty
Bakenkhons II^[7]	Ramesses III	20th Dynasty
Ramessesnakht	Ramesses IV –Ramesses IX	20th Dynasty
Amenhotep	Ramses IX –XI	20th Dynasty

Third Intermediate Period

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21st Dynasty

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Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were thede facto rulers ofUpper Egypt during theTwenty-first dynasty, writing their names incartouches and being buried in royal tombs.

Name	Portrait	Comments	Dates
Herihor		First High Priest of Amun to claim to be pharaoh. He ruled in the south inThebes, whileRamesses XI ruled from the north inPi-Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned afterPiankh.	1080–1074 BC
Piankh		Some sources suggest he may have reigned beforeHerihor.	1074–1070 BC
Pinedjem I		Son ofPiankh. Father ofPsusennes I.	1070–1032 BC
Masaharta		Son ofPinedjem I.	1054–1045 BC
Djedkhonsuefankh	—	Son ofPinedjem I.	1046–1045 BC
Menkheperre		Son ofPinedjem I.	1045–992 BC
Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II)		Son ofMenkheperre.	992–990 BC
Pinedjem II		Son ofMenkheperre, Father ofPsusennes II.	990–976 BC
Pasebakhaennuit III (Psusennes III)	—	Possibly the same person asPsusennes II. Either he orPinedjem II is generally considered to be the lastHigh Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure.	976–943 BC

22nd Dynasty

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Iuput, Son ofShoshenq I high priest of Amun for most of his father's reign, and into the reign of his brotherOsorkon I. 944–924 BC.
Shoshenq C (possibly identical toShoshenq II), Son ofOsorkon I andMaatkare B. Served as high priest of Amun at Karnak for large part of his father's reign.
Iuwlot, Son ofOsorkon I. Probably became high priest of Amun late in the reign ofOsorkon I and served until the early years ofTakelot I.
Nesibanebdjedet III (Smendes III), Son of Osorkon I. Served as high priest of Amun during the middle of the reign of his brotherTakelot I.
Harsiese B, Son of Soshenq II. Promoted to high priest of Amun underOsorkon II. 874–860 BC.
Nimlot C, Son of Osorkon II. Became high priest of Amun after year 16. The name of his predecessor [...du/aw...] was erased. 855–845 BC.
Takelot F (seeTakelot II). Son of Nimlot III. Followed his father as high priest of Amun before probably becoming a Theban King asTakelot II. 845–840 BC.
Osorkon B (seeOsorkon III). Eldest son of Takelot II. Probably became high priest of Amun after his father assumed kingship. 840–785 BC. Later took the throne asOsorkon III.
Osorkon F, probably son of Rudamun and grandson of Osorkon III?
Harsiese, son of [...du/aw...] i.e. Pedubast? 835–800 BC.

25th and 26th Dynasties

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Haremakhet, Son of Shabaka 704?–660 BC.
Harkhebi, Son of Haremakhet, Grandson of Shabaka. Served as HPA until at least year 14 of Psamtik I. 660–644 BC.
2 unattested HPA or vacant? 644–595 BC.
Ankhnesneferibre, The God's Wife of Amun also served as High Priest of Amun. 595–c. 560 BC.
Nitocris II, Daughter of Pharaoh Ahmose (II). c. 560–525 BC.

High Priest of Amun at Tanis

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In the northern capital ofTanis, the pharaohs of theTwenty-first dynasty decided to openly emulateKarnak by building and expanding their own temple of Amun-Ra, along with shrines dedicated to the other members of theTheban Triad.^[8]^: 922 There are very few individuals known to have borne the mostly honorific title ofHigh Priest of Amun at Tanis:^[9]^: 396

Pharaoh Psusennes I, who probably had deputyWendjebauendjed
PharaohAmenemope
PrinceHornakht, son ofOsorkon II
Prince Padebehenbast, son ofShoshenq III
Prince Shoshenq, son ofPami, possibly the pharaoh-to-beShoshenq V

References

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^Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2010).The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3.
^Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. 2: The Eighteenth Dynasty
^Dodson, Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004
^Aldred, Akhenaten: King of Egypt, Thames & Hudson (1991)
^Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations, Volume III, Blackwell Publishers, 1996
^Clayton, Peter A. (2006).Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.ISBN 978-0-500-28628-9.
^Statue of Bakenkhonsu II. Boston MFA
^Bard, Kathryn A., ed. (1999).Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge.ISBN 0-203-98283-5.
^Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1996).The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited.ISBN 0-85668-298-5.

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