TheHiberno-Scottish mission was a series of expeditions in the 6th and 7th centuries byGaelicmissionaries originating fromIreland that spreadCeltic Christianity inScotland,Wales,England andMerovingian lands. Catholic Christianity spread first within Ireland. Since the 8th and 9th centuries, these early missions were called 'Celtic Christianity'.
There is dispute over the relationship of the Hiberno-Scottish mission toCatholic Christianity. Catholic sources claim it functioned under the authority of theHoly See,[1] while Protestant historians highlight conflicts between Celtic and Roman clergy.[2] There is agreement that themission was not strictly coordinated.[3] As a whole, Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom at a time when there was significantregional variation of liturgy and structure, but a general collective veneration of thePapacy was no less intense in Celtic-speaking areas.[4]
Hibernia is the Latin name for the island of Ireland.[5]
The Latin termScotti refers to the Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland and western Scotland. From this term, developed an alternate Latin name for the territory in which the Scotti lived:Scotia.[6]
Schottenklöster (German for 'Scottish monasteries') is the name applied to the Bible schools established by Gaelic missionaries in Continental Europe, particularly to those in Germany that becameBenedictine monasteries. Ireland'ssobriquet "Island of Saints and Scholars" derives from this period.[1]
Columba was an Irish prince born in 521 and educated at the Bible school atClonard. At the age of 25, Columba’s first mission involved the establishment of a school atDerry.[7] Following this, Columba spent seven years allegedly establishing over 300 churches and church schools.[8]Adamnan says of Columba:
He could not pass the space even of a single hour without applying himself either to prayer, or reading, or writing, or else to some manual labor.[9]
In 563, Columba sailed to Scotland with about 200 other missionaries hoping to spread Celtic Christianity among the largely paganPicts.[8] The lord of the island ofMull, aGael ofDál Riada, was a relative of Columba and granted the missionaries ownership ofIona, where they established aBible school.[2] Bede writes that Columba converted the Picts to the word of God,[7] suggesting that Bible teaching was the central means of conversion. Students routinely studied for 18 years beforeordination, an indicator of the depth oftheological learning required by the Celtic Church.[10] This school remained Celtic until they were driven out by theBenedictines in 1204.[11]
Dunod was a disciple of Columba who established a Bible school atBangor-on-Dee in 560. The school had such a large student body that seven deans presided over at least 300 students each.[12] The mission's conflict withAugustine is noteworthy.Pope Gregory I "invested Augustine with jurisdiction over all the bishops of the British Church" when he arrived in Britain in 597.[13] Neander writes:
The abbot of the most distinguished British monastery, at Bangor, Deynoch by name, whose opinion in ecclesiastical affairs had the most weight with his countrymen, when urged by Augustin to submit in all things to the ordinances of the Roman Church, gave him the following remarkable answer: “We are all ready to listen to the church of God, to the pope at Rome, and to every pious Christian, that so we may show to each, according to his station, perfect love, and uphold him by word and deed. We know not, that any other obedience can be required of us towards him whom you call the pope or the father of fathers.”[2]
Representatives from Bangor attended two conferences with Augustine, at which they declared “that they could not depart from their ancient customs without the consent and leave of their people” and that they could not accept the supremacy of the pope “nor receive [Augustine] as their archbishop”.[12] Dunod asserted his independence from Augustine on the grounds that they adhered to what their holy fathers held before them, who were the friends of God and the followers of the apostles.[14][15]
In Wales, Celtic Christianity long maintained its position with its peculiar ideas and exceptional beliefs.[16] The Bible school at Bangor was destroyed in 613 byKing Æthelfrith.[17]
Aidan was educated at Iona.[18] In 634,King Oswald invited Aidan to the Northumbrian court toteach the doctrines of Celtic Christianity.[19] Oswald granted Aidan the island ofLindisfarne for a Bible school.[20] Upon his death in 651, Aidan was succeeded byFinan and then byColman, both of whom had been educated at Iona.[21]
From Northumbria, Aidan's missionspread throughout the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and similar Bible schools were established inBernicia,Deira,Mercia andEast Anglia.[22] It is estimated that two thirds of the Anglo-Saxon population were converted to Celtic Christianity at this time.[23]
Columbanus was born in 543 and studied at Bangor Abbey until c. 590,[24] when he travelled to the continent with twelve companions,[25] includingAttala, Columbanus the Younger,Gallus,[24] andDomgal.[26]
The mission was welcomed byKing Guntram of Burgundy[26] and schools were established atAnegray,Luxeuil andFontaines.[25] WhenTheuderic II expelled Columbanus from Burgundy in 610, Columbanus establishedMehrerau Abbey atBregenz with the support ofTheudebert II.[25] When Theuderic II conqueredAustrasia in 612, Columbanus fled toLombardy, where he was welcomed byKing Agilulf. In 614, he established a school atBobbio.[25][26]
During the 7th century, the disciples of Columbanus and other Gaelic missionaries founded several monasteries in what are now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The best known are:St. Gall in Switzerland,Disibodenberg in theRhinePalatinate,Palatium atBesançon,[25]Lure and Cusance in theDiocese of Besançon,Bèze in theDiocese of Langres,Remiremont Abbey andMoyenmoutier Abbey in theDiocese of Toul,Fosses-la-Ville in theDiocese of Liège,Mont Saint-Quentin atPéronne, Ebersmunster in Lower Alsace, St. Martin's at Cologne, theScots Monastery, Regensburg,Vienna,Erfurt andWürzburg.
In Italy, Fiesole producedSaint Donatus of Fiesole andAndrew the Scot ofFiesole. Another early Schottenkloster wasSäckingen inBaden, founded by the Irish missionaryFridolin of Säckingen who is said to have founded another atKonstanz. Other Hiberno-Scottish missionaries active at the time, predominantly inSwabia, wereWendelin of Trier,Saint Kilian,Arbogast,Landelin,Trudpert,Pirmin (foundedReichenau abbey),Saint Gall (Abbey of St. Gall),Corbinian,Emmeram andRupert of Salzburg.
Hiberno-Scottish activity in Europe continued after the death of Columbanus. There were monastic foundations inAnglo-Saxon England, the first in about 630 at "Cnobheresburgh", an unknown place inEast Anglia but possiblyBurgh Castle mentioned byBede. Others such asMalmesbury Abbey, perhapsBosham, andGlastonbury Abbey had strong Irish links. The profile of Iona declined, and from 698 until the reign ofCharlemagne in the 770s, the Hiberno-Scottish efforts in the Frankish Empire were continued by theAnglo-Saxon mission – seeGermanic Christianity.
Irish monks known asPapar are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement from AD 874 onwards by theNorse.[27] The oldest source mentioning the Papar is theÍslendingabók ("Book of the Icelanders"), between 1122 and 1133.[28] The book states that the Norse found Irish priests, with bells and crosiers, at Iceland at the time of their arrival.[29] Such figures are also mentioned in the IcelandicLandnámabók ("Book of Settlements", possibly going back to the early 12th century).[30]
Among the Irish monks who were active in Central Europe were two particularly important theologians,Marianus Scotus andJohannes Scotus Eriugena. Legends of Irish foundations are recorded in aMiddle High German text known asCharlemagne and the Scottish [Irish] Saints (Shaw, 1981).
The rule of St. Columbanus, which was originally followed in most of these monasteries, was soon superseded by that ofSt. Benedict. LaterGaelic missionaries foundedHonau in Baden (about 721),Murbach in Upper Alsace (about 727),Altomünster in UpperBavaria (about 749), while other Gaelic monks restored St. Michel in Thiérache (940), Walsort nearNamur (945), and, at Cologne, the Monasteries of St. Clement (about 953), St. Martin (about 980), St. Symphorian (about 990), and St. Pantaléon (1042).
Towards the end of the 11th and in the 12th century, a number ofSchottenklöster, intended for Irish monks exclusively, sprang up in Germany. About 1072, three monks, Marianus, Iohannus, and Candidus, took up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St-Peter atRegensburg (called Ratisbon in older literature). Their number soon increased and a larger monastery was built for them (about 1090) by Burgrave Otto of Regensburg and his brother Henry. This became the famousScots Monastery of St. James in Regensburg, the mother-house of a series of otherSchottenklöster. It founded the Abbeys of St. James atWürzburg (about 1134), St. Aegidius atNuremberg (1140), St. James atConstance (1142),Our Blessed Lady atVienna (1158), St. Nicolas atMemmingen (1168), Holy Cross atEichstätt (1194), and the Priory ofKelheim (1231). These, together with the Abbey of St. James atErfurt (1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon formed the famous congregation of the GermanSchottenklöster which was erected byInnocent III in 1215, with the Abbot of St. James at Ratisbon as abbot-general.
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In the 14th and 15th centuries, most of these monasteries were on the decline, partly for want of Irish monks, and partly on account of great laxity of discipline and financial difficulties.
In consequence, the abbeys ofNuremberg andVienna were withdrawn from the Irish congregation and repeopled by German monks in 1418.St. James's Abbey, Würzburg, was left without any monks after the death of Abbot Philip in 1497. It was then re-peopled by German monks and in 1506 joined thecongregation of Bursfeld.
In 1595, however, it was granted to the Scottish congregation and occupied by Scottish monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of Constance began to decline in the first half of the 15th century and was suppressed in 1530. That of Memmingen also disappeared during the early period of the Protestant Reformation in the following century.
The Abbey of Holy Cross at Eichstatt seems to have ceased early in the 14th century. In consequence of theProtestant Reformation in Scotland many Scottish Benedictines left their country and took refuge in the Schottenklöster of Germany during the 16th century.
The Scottish monasteries in Ratisbon,Erfurt, and Würzburg again began to flourish temporarily, but all endeavours to regain the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Constance for monks of Scottish nationality failed.
In 1692, Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reorganized the Scottish congregation which now comprised the monasteries of RatisbonRegensburg, Erfurt, and Würzburg, the only remaining Schottenklöster in Germany. He also erected a seminary in connection with the monastery at Ratisbon.
But the forced secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to the Scottish abbeys of Erfurt and Würzburg, leaving St. James's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schottenkloster in Germany. Since 1827 this monastery was again permitted to accept novices but the number of its monks dwindled down to two capitulars in 1862.
There being no hope of any increase,Pope Pius IX suppressed this last Schottenkloster in his brief of 2 September 1862. Its revenues were distributed between the diocesan seminary of Ratisbon and the Scots College at Rome.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Schottenklöster".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
