AHetman ofZaporizhian Cossacks is a historical term that has multiple meanings.
Officially the post was known asHetman of the Zaporizhian Host (Old Ukrainian: Гетман Войска Єго Королевскои Милости Запорозкого,Hetman of His Royal Grace's Zaporozhian Host;[1]Ukrainian:Гетьман Війська Запорозького,romanized: Hetman Viiska Zaporozkoho).[2] Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks as a title was not officially recognized internationally until the creation of theCossack Hetmanate. With the creation ofRegistered Cossacks units their leaders were officially referred to asSenior of His Royal Grace's Zaporozhian Host (Ukrainian:старший його Королівської Милості Війська Запорозького,Starshyi Yoho Korolivskoi Mylosti Viiska Zaporozkoho;Polish:starszy Wojska J.K.Mci Zaporoskiego).[2][3] Before 1648 and the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate there were numerous regional hetmans across theDnieper-banks, who usually were starostas orvoivodes.[citation needed]
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The first widely recognized hetman ofZaporizhia wasDmytro Vyshnevetsky, after that several Polishstarostas were added to the Hetman registry such as Lanckoroński and Daszkiewicz who also led their own Cossack formations. According toMykhailo Hrushevsky they were not really considered ashetmans, at least by their contemporaries. Among others such starostas were Karpo Maslo fromCherkasy, Yatsko Bilous (Pereiaslav), Andrushko (Bratslav), and many others. Even PrincesKonstanty Ostrogski andBohdan Hlinski were conductingCossack raids onTatar uluses (districts).[citation needed]
The commanders ofZaporozhian Host units (the Kish) often considered as hetmans in fact carried a title ofKish Otaman. As from 1572,[4] hetman was the unofficial title of commanders of theRegistered Cossack Army of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. From the 1648Bohdan Khmelnytsky uprising, Hetman was the title of the head of the Cossack state, theCossack Hetmanate. Cossack hetmans had very broad powers and acted as supreme military commanders and executive leaders (by issuing administrative decrees).[citation needed]
After the split of Ukrainian territory along theDnieper River by thePolish-RussianTreaty of Andrusovo 1667, there was an introduction of dual leadership for each bank, or for each Ukraine ofDnieper (left and right). After theTreaty of Andrusovo there existed two different Cossack Hetmanates with two Hetmans: the one in Poland being calledNakazny Hetman of His Royal Mercy of Zaporizhian Host, and the Russian one titledHetman of His Tsar's Mercy of Zaporizhian Host.[citation needed]
Eventually the official state powers of Cossack Hetmans were gradually diminished in the 18th century, and finally abolished byCatherine II of Russia in 1764.[citation needed]
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| No. | Hetman | Elected (event) | Took office | Left office | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |  | Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1596–1657) Зиновій-Богдан Хмельницький | 1648 (Sich) | 26 January 1648 | 6 August 1657 | died |
| 2 |  | | Yurii Khmelnytsky (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький | death of his father | 6 August 1657 | 27 August 1657 | reconsidered by the Council of Officers |
| 3 | .png) |  | Ivan Vyhovsky (????–1664) Іван Виговський | 1657 (Korsun) | 27 August 1657 (confirmed: 21 October 1657) | 11 September 1659 | surrendered title |
| 4 | | | Yurii Khmelnytsky (1641–1685) Юрій Хмельницький | 1659 (Hermanivka) | 11 September 1659 (confirmed: 11 September 1659) | October 1662 | surrendered title |
| – | Pavlo Teteria (1620?–1670) Павло "Тетеря" Моржковський | 1662 (Chyhyryn) | October 1662 | July 1665 | (legitimacy questioned) | ||
| 5 |  |  | Ivan Briukhovetsky (1623–1668) Іван Брюховецький | 1663 (Nizhyn) | 27 June 1663 (confirmed: 27 June 1663) | 17 June 1668 | died |
| 6 |  |  | Petro Doroshenko (1627–1698) Петро Дорошенко | 1666 (Chyhyryn) | 10 October 1665 (confirmed: January 1666) | 19 September 1676 | surrendered toIvan Samoylovych |
| – | Demian Mnohohrishny (1631–1703) Дем'ян Многогрішний | 1669 (Hlukhiv) | 17 December 1668 (confirmed: 3 March 1669) | April 1672 | arrested and exiled to Siberia | ||
| 7 |  |  | Ivan Samoylovych (1630s–1690) Іван Самойлович | 1672 (Cossack Grove) | 17 June 1672 | August 1687 | arrested and exiled to Siberia |
| 8 |  |  | Ivan Mazepa (1639-1709) Іван Мазепа | 1687 (Kolomak) | 4 August 1687 | 6 November 1708 | "stripped" of a title, discredited |
| 9 | _1.jpg) |  | Ivan Skoropadsky (1646–1722) Іван Скоропадський | 1708 (Hlukhiv) | 6 November 1708 | 14 July 1722 | died |
| – | Pavlo Polubotok (1660–1724) Павло Полуботок | appointed hetman | 1722 | 1724 | died in prison | ||
| Collegium of Little Russia (Stepan Velyaminov) 1722-1727 | |||||||
| 10 | .jpg) |  | Danylo Apostol (1654–1734) Данило Апостол | 1727 (Hlukhiv) | 12 October 1727 | 29 March 1734 | died |
| – | Yakiv Lyzohub (1675–1749) Яків Лизогуб | appointed hetman | 1733 | 1749 | died | ||
| provisional Hetman Government Administration 1734-1745 | |||||||
| 11 |  |  | Kyrylo Rozumovsky (1728–1803) Кирило Розумовський | 1750 (Hlukhiv) | 22 February 1750 | 1764 | resigned |
| Collegium of Little Russia 1764-1786 (Pyotr Rumyantsev) | |||||||
Historians such asMykola Arkas[8] question legitimacy of Pavlo Teteria's October 1662 election, alleging that it involved corruption.[9] Some sources claim Teteria's election took place a little later, in January 1663.[10] The election of Teteria led to the Povoloch Regiment Uprising in 1663, followed by larger number of disturbances in the modern region ofKirovohrad Oblast as well asPolesia (all inRight-bank Ukraine).[11] Moreover, the political crisis that followed the Pushkar–Barabash Uprising divided the Cossack Hetmanate completely along the banks of theDnieper River.[11] Coincidentally, on 10 January 1663, theTsardom of Muscovy created the newLittle Russian Office (Prikaz) within its Ambassadorial Office.[citation needed]
Vouched byCharles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel,Yuriy Khmelnytsky was freed from the Ottoman captivity, appointed and along with Pasha Ibragim was sent to Ukraine fight the Moscow forces of Samoilovych and Romadanovsky. In 1681Mehmed IV appointedGeorge Ducas the Hetman of Ukraine, replacing Khmelnytsky.[citation needed]
Following theanathema on Mazepa and the election ofIvan Skoropadsky,Cossack Hetmanate was included into the RussianKiev Governorate (Guberniya) in December 1708. Upon the death of Skoropadsky, the Hetman elections were disrupted and were awarded as a gift and a type of princely titles, first to Moldavian nobleman and later to the Russian Empress favorite.[citation needed]
On 5 April 1710 the council of cossacks, veterans of the battle at Poltava, electedPylyp Orlyk as the Hetman of Ukraine in exile. Orlyk waged a guerrilla warfare at the southern borders of theRussian Empire with the support from Ottoman and Swedish empires.[citation needed]
The Appointed HetmanMykhailo Khanenko was elected the Hetman of Ukraine by a council of Sukhoviy's Cossacks inUman to depose Doroshenko. In 1675John III Sobieski awarded the title to someOstap Hohol (died in 1679). Same thing happened in 1683 whenJohn III Sobieski awarded the title toStefan Kunicki and in 1684 toAndriy Mohyla. Those awards were given during theGreat Turkish War.[citation needed]
| No. | Hetman | Elected (event) | Took office | Left office | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) |  | Mykhailo Khanenko (1620–1680) Михайло Ханенко | 1669 (Uman) | 1669 (confirmed: 2 September 1670) | 1674 | pro-Polish faction[a] | |
| (2) |  | Stefan Kunicki (?–1684) Стефан Куницький | 23 August 1683 | 23 August 1683 (confirmed: 24 August 1683) | January 1684 | pro-Polish faction | |
| (3) |  | Andriy Mohyla (?–1689) Андрій Могила | January 1684 | January 1684 (confirmed: 30 January 1684) | January 1689 | pro-Polish faction | |
In 1669Petro Doroshenko received a title ofSanjak-bey fromMehmed IV. Title existed in 1669 to 1683.[citation needed]
The title existed in 1710–1760.[12]
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