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TheKengwei Republic (Chinese: 坑尾公司,Hakka/Dutch: Hang-Moei; "End of the pit company") was an autonomous Chinesekongsi federation associated withMonterado (Chinese: 打勞鹿,Hakka: Montradok), a district inBengkayang Regency,West Kalimantan,Borneo but operates mainly in territories west of Montrado. It joined theHeshun Confederation in 1776 and was dissolved in 1839 at the hands of theDagang kongsi.

Records document that the members of the Kengwei kongsi came mainly from the localities of Guishan inGuizhou, a landlocked province in China. They were moderately powerful, having mines that operated inPangkalan Batu (Chinese: 祭下港,Hakka: Pangkalan-Batoe), Luxiaheng (Chinese: 路下橫,Hakka: Loehawang), Kulor (Chinese: 骨律,Hakka: Koelor), and the Kengweishan (Chinese: 坑尾山,Hakka: Hang-moei-san), a hill named after thekongsi. At the time they joined theHeshun Confederation in 1776, the Kengwei also owned two privatized mines, the Jinhe 金和 and Guanghe 廣和kongsis, two oldLarah-basedkongsis that can be traced back toMacao.^[1] Like many of the other Montrado-basedkongsis, they had a strong affiliation to the Guizhou branch of theDabogong cult. It is recorded that a Dabogong temple was present in Larah, then controlled by Kengwei.^[2] In 1777,Luo Fangbo, founder of theLanfang Republic, passed through Kengweikongsi's territory in Kengweishan to escape from rival organizations before recruiting troops to found the aforementioned republic in Mandor.^[1]

In 1807, during the first internal quarrels of the Heshun Confederation, Kengwei joinedDagang (the most powerfulkongsi in Heshun)'s side in fighting theJielian Republic over a water reservoir, even having convinced theXinwukongsi to come to Dagang's side.^[3] WhenXin Bafen was eliminated in 1808 by Dagang, Kengwei took some of Xin Bafen's land, and laterShisanfen's land who dissolved shortly after. In 1814, whenLiu Guibo of the Xinwu ascended as president of the Heshun, he attempted to integrate Xinwu with Kengwei to create a third powerful bloc in the Confederation (the others being Dagang andSantiaogou), a move met with so much outcry Guibo was forced to resign after ten days.^[1]

In 1818, when Dutch-appointed MagistrateG. Muller informed the Chinesekongsi they were now Dutch subjects, Kengwei's representative was present during the conference. During the 1823 treaty headed underJ. H. Tobias in which the Chinesekongsi recognized the Dutch administration over them, Kengwei's seal was present as well.^[4]

With the Dutch retreating from West Bornean affairs, Dagang and Kengwei's relationship deteriorated considerably. In 1836, Kengwei, along with its ally Xiawu, conspired to build a new mine andwater reservoir around Kulor before the Dagang can, in the face of exhaustion of mining sites. Wen Guanshou (current president of Heshun from Dagang) found out about the plot, and told Kengwei that they had to destroy the mine and reservoir to avoid trouble. After Kengwei and Xiawu sent their delegations to Dagang to defend themselves, they were promptly arrested and a meeting date was decided later, and guards were sent to station at Pangkalan Batu. Tensions heightened when the Shiwufenkongsi house burned down, and Kengwei and Xiawu were accused. Guanshou attempted to mediate by releasing the prisoners, but forgot to recall the guards at Pangkalan Batu, who killed the delegation when they arrived.

This was the last straw for the twokongsis. A letter was sent to the Kengwei and Xiawu miners in Larah, telling they will flee to Lanfang in the middle of the night. The miners rallied around Kengwei's clerk, one Wu Jinlai, not knowing he was already in association with the Dagang. Here, he fled to join the Dagangkongsi, who marched to Xiawu and found the Kengwei had abandoned thekongsi. As Dagang celebrated their victory, Xiawu send a contingent of men to the Sambas sultan, requesting land be opened in Baluo so they can newly settle there, away from the pressure of Dagang. The sultan agreed, and a plot of land was opened up near Baluo (near present dayTayan), and in 1839, 700 men and women packed to take its leave. Dagang absorbed the former lands of the Kengwei and Xiawu, telling those who have remained that they were welcome as members of Dagang. With this, the Kengweikongsi comes to an end.^[2]

• Kongsi republic
• Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia
• Former countries in Southeast Asia
• Former republics
• Precolonial states of Indonesia
• States and territories disestablished in 1853
• States and territories established in 1776
• 18th-century establishments in Indonesia
• History of Borneo

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