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Mongoose

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(Redirected fromHerpestinae)
Family of mammals in Africa and Asia
This article is about the mongoose family Herpestidae. For Malagasy mongooses, seeGalidiinae. For other uses, seeMongoose (disambiguation).

Mongoose
Temporal range:Early Miocene topresent, 21.8–0Ma
Top left:Meerkat
Top right:Yellow mongoose
Bottom left:Slender mongoose
Bottom right:Indian gray mongoose
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Suborder:Feliformia
Superfamily:Herpestoidea
Family:Herpestidae
Bonaparte, 1845
Type genus
Herpestes
Genera[1]
Synonyms[1]
List
  • Rhinogalidae, Gray, 1869
  • Suricatinae, Thomas, 1882
  • Cynictidae, Cope, 1882
  • Suricatidae, Cope, 1882
  • Herpestoidei, Winge, 1895
  • Mongotidae, Pocock, 1920

Amongoose is a small terrestrialcarnivorousmammal belonging to thefamilyHerpestidae. This family has two subfamilies, theHerpestinae and theMungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 livingspecies that are native tosouthern Europe,Africa andAsia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa. The Herpestidae originated about21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in theEarly Miocene andgenetically diverged into two mainlineages between 19.1 and18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago. There is a large introduced population on the islands ofHawaii. Mongoose diets are varied but consist of mainly insects, hatchlings, reptiles and birds.

Etymology

The name is derived from names used in India forHerpestes species:[2][3][4][5]muṅgūs ormaṅgūs in classicalHindi;[6]muṅgūs inMarathi;[7]mungisa inTelugu;[8]mungi,mungisi andmunguli inKannada.[9]

The form of the English name (since 1698) was altered to its "-goose" ending byfolk etymology.[10] It was spelled "mungoose" in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The plural form is "mongooses".[11]

Characteristics

Mongooses have long faces and bodies, small, rounded ears, short legs, and long, tapering tails. Most arebrindled or grizzly; a few have strongly marked coats which bear a striking resemblance tomustelids. Their markings consist of dark legs, stripes, and pale ringed tails. They have narrow, ovularpupils and nonretractile claws. Most species have a large anal scent gland, used for territorial marking and signaling reproductive status[12] and a short and smoothpenis with abaculum and an elongatedurethral opening on its underside.[13] Thedental formula of mongooses is3.1.3–4.1–23.1.3–4.1–2.They range from 24 to 58 cm (9.4 to 22.8 in) in head-to-body length, excluding the tail. In weight, they range from 320 g (11 oz) to 5 kg (11 lb).[12]

Mongooses are one of at least four known mammalian taxa with mutations in thenicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect againstsnake venom.[14] Their modified receptors prevent thesnake venomα-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations. In the mongoose, this change is effected, uniquely, byglycosylation.[15]

Taxonomy

Herpestina was ascientific name proposed byCharles Lucien Bonaparte in 1845 who considered the mongooses asubfamily of theViverridae.[16] In 1864,John Edward Gray classified the mongooses into three subfamilies:Galidiinae, Herpestinae and Mungotinae.[17] This grouping was supported byReginald Innes Pocock in 1919, who referred to the family as "Mungotidae".[18]

Genetic research based onnuclear andmitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Galidiinae are more closely related to Madagascar carnivores, including thefossa andMalagasy civet.[19][20] Galidiinae is considered a subfamily ofEupleridae.[21]

SubfamilyGenusSpeciesImage oftype species
HerpestinaeHerpestesIlliger, 1811[22]
AtilaxCuvier, 1826[28]Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)(Cuvier, 1829)[29]
CynictisOgilby, 1833[30]Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)(Cuvier, 1829)[29]
UrvaHodgson, 1836[31]
IchneumiaGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1837[37]White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)(Cuvier, 1829)[29]
BdeogalePeters, 1850[38]
RhynchogaleThomas, 1894[44]Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)Gray, 1865[17]
ParacynictisPocock, 1916Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)(de Winton, 1896)
XenogaleAllen, 1919[45]Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)(de Winton, 1901)[46]
MungotinaeMungosE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier, 1795[47]
SuricataDesmarest, 1804[50]Meerkat (S. suricatta)(Schreber, 1776)[51]
CrossarchusCuvier, 1825
HelogaleGray, 1861
DologaleThomas, 1920Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)Pousargues, 1894[52]
LiberiictisHayman, 1958Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)Hayman, 1958

Phylogenetic relationships

Phylogenetic research of 18 mongoose species revealed that the solitary and social mongooses form differentclades.[53] The phylogenetic relationships of Herpestidae are shown in the following cladogram:[54][55]

Herpestidae
Herpestinae
Bdeogale

Bdeogale jacksoni (Jackson's mongoose)

Bdeogale nigripes (Black-footed mongoose)

Bdeogale crassicauda (Bushy-tailed mongoose)

Rhynchogale

Rhynchogale melleri (Meller's mongoose)

Paracynictis

Paracynictis selousi (Selous's mongoose)

Cynictis

Cynictis penicillata (Yellow mongoose)

Ichneumia

Ichneumia albicauda (White-tailed mongoose)

Herpestes

Herpestes ichneumon (Egyptian mongoose)[55]

Herpestes sanguinea (Slender mongoose)

Herpestes pulverulenta (Cape gray mongoose)

Herpestes ochracea (Somalian slender mongoose)

Herpestes flavescens (Angolan slender mongoose) (includingblack mongoose)

Atilax

Atilax paludinosus (Marsh mongoose)

Xenogale[55]

Xenogale naso (Long-nosed mongoose)

†"Herpestes lemanensis"

Urva

Urva brachyura (Short-tailed mongoose)

Urva semitorquata (Collared mongoose)

Urva urva (Crab-eating mongoose)

Urva smithii (Ruddy mongoose)

Urva vitticolla (Stripe-necked mongoose)

Urva fusca (Indian brown mongoose)

Urva edwardsii (Indian gray mongoose)

Urva javanica (Small Asian mongoose)

Mungotinae
Helogale

Helogale parvula (Common dwarf mongoose)

Helogale hirtula (Ethiopian dwarf mongoose)

Dologale

Dologale dybowskii (Pousargues's mongoose)

Crossarchus

Crossarchus alexandri (Alexander's kusimanse)

Crossarchus ansorgei (Angolan kusimanse)

Crossarchus platycephalus (Flat-headed kusimanse)

Crossarchus obscurus (Common kusimanse)

Liberiictis

Liberiictis kuhni (Liberian mongoose)

Mungos

Mungos gambianus (Gambian mongoose)

Mungos mungo (Banded mongoose)

Suricata

Suricata suricatta (Meerkat)

Extinct species

AtilaxCuvier, 1826

HerpestesIlliger, 1811

LeptoplesictisMajor, 1903[56]

  • †L. atavusBeaumont, 1973
  • †L. aurelianensisSchlosser, 1888
  • †L. filholiGaillard, 1899
  • †L. mbitensisSchmidt-Kittler, 1987
  • †L. namibiensisMoraleset al., 2008
  • †L. peignei,Grohéet al., 2020
  • †L. rangwaiSchmidt-Kittler, 1987
  • †L. senutaeMoraleset al., 2008

Behaviour and ecology

Some mongoose species are solitary, while others live in pairs or large groups.[57]Some species can learn simple tricks, and are kept as pets to controlvermin.[58]

Cultural significance

In ancientMesopotamia, mongooses were sacred to the deityNinkilim, who was conflated withNingirama, a deity of magic who was invoked for protection against serpents. According to aBabylonian popular saying, when a mouse fled from a mongoose into a serpent's hole, it announced, "I bring you greetings from the snake-charmer!" A creature resembling a mongoose also appears in Old Babylonianglyptic art, but its significance is not known.[59]

All mongoose species, except forSuricata suricatta, are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand'sHazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing them from being imported into the country.[60]

This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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A well-known fictional mongoose isRikki-Tikki-Tavi, who appears in ashort story of the same title inThe Jungle Book (1894) byRudyard Kipling. In this tale set in India, a young pet mongoose saves his human family from akrait and from Nag and Nagaina, twocobras. The story was later made into several films and a song byDonovan, among other references. A mongoose is also featured inBram Stoker's novelThe Lair of the White Worm. The main character, Adam Salton, purchases one to independently hunt snakes. Another mongoose features in the denouement of theSherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", bySir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Indian Tamil devotional filmPadai Veetu Amman shows Tamil actorVinu Chakravarthy changing himself into a mongoose by using his evil tantricmantra, to fight the goddess Amman. However, the mongoose finally dies at the hands of the goddess.

Mongoose species are prohibited to be kept as pets in the United States.[61]

See also

References

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  2. ^Valentini, M.B. & Major, J.D. (1714)."Viverra Indica grysea. Mungos".Museum museorum, oder, Vollständige Schau Bühne aller Materialien und Specereyen. Vol. 2 Appendix IX. Franckfurt am Mayn: Johann David Zunners Sel. Erben, und Johann Adam Jungen. p. 24.
  3. ^Jerdon, T.C. (1874)."127. Herpestes griseus".The mammals of India; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India. London: J. Wheldon. pp. 132–134.
  4. ^Sterndale, R.A. (1884)."Herpestidae. The Ichneumon or Mungoose Family".Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker & Spink. pp. 222–228.
  5. ^Lydekker, R. (1894)."XIII. The Mungooses. GenusHerpestes".A hand-book to the Carnivora. Part 1: Cats, civets, and mungooses. London: Edward Lloyd Limited. pp. 244–269.
  6. ^Platts, J.T. (1884)."منگوس मुंगूस muṅgūs, or मंगूस maṅgūs. The Mongoose, or ichneumon, Viverra ichneumon".A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 1081.
  7. ^Molesworth, J. T. (1857)."मुंगूस muṅgūsa, Bengal Mungoose, Viverra Ichneumon, or Herpesteus Griseus".A dictionary, Marathi and English (Second, revised and enlarged ed.). Bombay: Printed for Government at the Bombay Education Society's Press. p. 384. Archived fromthe original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved5 April 2020.
  8. ^Brown, C.P. (1903)."ముంగి or ముంగిస mungi. The ichneumon or mongoose, a kind of weasel. Viverra ichneumon".A Telugu-English dictionary (New, thoroughly revised and brought up to date second ed.). Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 997.
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Further reading

  • Rasa, A. (1986).Mongoose Watch: A Family Observed. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, Doubleday & Co.ISBN 978-0-385-23175-6.OCLC 12664019.
  • Lodrick, D. O. (1982). "Man and Mongoose in Indian Culture".Anthropos.77 (1/2):191–214.JSTOR 40460438.

External links

Wikispecies has information related toHerpestidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toHerpestidae.
ExtantCarnivora species
Prionodon(Asiatic linsangs)
Pantherinae
Neofelis
Panthera
Felinaesensu stricto
Bay cat
lineage
Pardofelis
Catopuma
Caracal
lineage
Caracal
Leopardus
Lynx
Puma
lineage
Acinonyx
Puma
Leopard cat
lineage
Prionailurus
Felis
Viverroidea
    • see below↓
Hemigalinae
Paradoxurinae
Paradoxurus
Viverrinaesensu lato
Viverrinae
sensu stricto
Viverra
Poiana
(African linsangs)
subgenusGenetta
(paraphyletic)
subgenusEugenetta
(paraphyletic)
subgenusHerpailuropoda
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPardogale
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPrionailuropoda
subgenusLeptailuropoda
(paraphyletic)
subgenusOsbornictis
Herpestoidea
    • see below↓
Hyaenidae
(hyenas)
Proteles
Hyaeninae
(bone-crushing hyenas)
Crocuta
Herpestidaesensu lato
Eupleridae
(Malagasy
carnivorans)
Euplerinae
(Malagasy civets)
Eupleres(falanoucs)
Galidiinae
(vontsira)
Galidictis
Salanoia
Suricata
Mungos
Helogale
Crossarchus
(kusimanses)
Urva
(Asian mongooses)
Bdeogale
Herpestes
(slender mongooses)
Urocyon
Nyctereutes
(raccoon dogs)
Vulpes
(truefoxes)
Speothos
Lycalopex
(South American foxes)
Lupulella
Lycaon
Canis
Ailuropoda
Tremarctos
Ursinae
Ursus
Mustelida
Pinnipedia(seals)
    • see below↓
Musteloidea
    • see below↓
Odobenidae
Callorhinus
(northernfur seals)
Otariinae
(sea lions)
Zalophus
Neophoca
Arctocephalus
(southernfur seals)
Phoca
Pusa
Monachini
(monk seals)
Neomonachus
Mirounga
(elephant seals)
Lobodontini
(Antarctic seals)
Ailuridae
Conepatus
(hog-nosed skunks)
Mephitis
Mydaus
(stink badgers)
Spilogale
(spotted skunks)
Bassariscus
Procyon
(raccoons)
Bassaricyon
(olingos)
Nasuina
(coatis)
Nasua
Nasuella
(mountain coatis)
Mustelidae
    • see below↓
Mellivora
Arctonyx
(hog badgers)
Meles
(Eurasian badgers)
Melogale
(ferret-badgers)
Pekania
Gulo
Martes
(martens)
Lyncodontini
Galictis
(grisons)
Ictonychini
(African polecats)
Vormela
Ictonyx
Lontra
Enhydra
Lutra
Lutrogale
Aonyx
Neogale
(New World weasels)
subgenusMustela
(paraphyletic)
subgenusLutreola
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPutorius
Herpestidae
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongoose&oldid=1281027131#Taxonomy"
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