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| Herod Archelaus | |
|---|---|
 Herod Archelaus fromGuillaume Rouillé'sPromptuarii Iconum Insigniorum | |
| Ethnarch ofJudea,Samaria, andIdumea | |
| Reign | 4 BC – 6 AD |
| Born | 23 BC |
| Died | c. 18 AD Jericho |
| Dynasty | Herodian |
| Father | Herod I |
| Mother | Malthace |
Herod Archelaus (Ancient Greek:Ἡρῴδης Ἀρχέλαος,Hērōidēs Archelaos; 23 BC –c. AD 18) was theethnarch[1][2] ofSamaria,Judea, andIdumea, including the citiesCaesarea andJaffa, for nine years[3] (c. 4 BC to AD 6). As a ruler, he was part of what's known as theHerodian tetrarchy, created after the death ofHerod the Great. Herod Archelaus was the son of Herod the Great andMalthace the Samaritan, brother ofHerod Antipas, and half-brother ofHerod II. Archelaus (a name meaning "leading the people") came to power after the death of his fatherHerod the Great in 4 BC, and ruled over one-half of the territorial dominion of his father. Archelaus was removed by theRoman emperorAugustus whenJudaea province was formed under direct Roman rule, at the time of theCensus of Quirinius.
Josephus writes that Herod the Great (father of Archelaus) was inJericho at the time of his death.[4] Just prior to his final trip to Jericho, he was deeply involved in a religious conflagration. Herod had placed a golden eagle over theTemple entrance, a symbol which was perceived as blasphemous.[5] The eagle was chopped down with axes. Two teachers and approximately 40 other youths were arrested for this act andimmolated. Herod defended his works and went on to attack his predecessors, theHasmoneans; he also killed all male lineal successors of the Hasmoneans. ThePharisees had long insulted theHasmoneans as well with claims of parentage fromGreeks. This racial slur was repeated by the Pharisees through the rule ofAlexander Jannaeus and QueenSalome.[6]
With this explicit background given, Josephus began an exposition of the days of Archelaus' reign beforePassover of 4 BC. Archelaus dressed in white and ascended a golden throne. He appeared to be kind to the populace inJerusalem, in order to appease their desires for lower taxes and an end to the (political) imprisonment of Herod's enemies. The demeanor of the questioning appeared to turn at some point, and the crowd began to call for the punishment of those of Herod's people who ordered the death of the two teachers and the 40 youths. They also demanded the replacement of theHigh Priest, from the appointed High Priest of Herod's to a High Priest, "of greater piety and purity".[7] Archelaus acceded to this request and asked the crowd for moderation until he was confirmed king byAugustus.
While people were mourning the death of the teachers, Archelaus began to worry as a crowd started streaming into the temple area, and the masses were escalating in their threatening behavior.Henry St. John Thackeray's translation of Josephus here states it thus: "The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in the body of the temple, procuring recruits for their faction".[8] So Archelaus sent a general and a "tribune in command of a cohort" to reason with these "Seditionists" and wait until Archelaus could return from Rome. Those who came from Archelaus werestoned, with many killed. After midnight Archelaus ordered the entire army into the city to the temple where the insurrectionists had gone to perform sacrifices; Josephus records the death toll at 3000. Archelaus sent heralds around the city announcing the cancellation of Passover.
Archelaus was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims toCaesar Augustus; thus he sailed toRome to face accusations from his younger brotherAntipas over how the recent uproar was handled and regarding the succession clash between the two.Nicolaus of Damascus argued in favour of Archelaus, suggesting the change to Herod's will (supposedly written a few weeks prior and yielding the kingship to Archelaus instead of Antipas) as valid. The change of the will is attested from Jericho by one "Ptolemy", keeper of Herod's Seal and brother to Nicholaus.
Archelaus, at the conclusion of the arguments, fell at Caesar's feet. Caesar raised him up and stated that Archelaus "was worthy to succeed his father".[9] Caesar opted to divide the kingdom, and entrust the most important regions of Judea to Archelaus by granting him thetetrarchy of Judea, and bestowing the title ofethnarch upon him.[10][11]
The first wife of Archelaus is given by Josephus simply as Mariamne,[12] perhapsMariamne III, daughter ofAristobulus IV, whom he divorced to marryGlaphyra. She was the widow of Archelaus' brother Alexander, though her second husband,Juba, king ofMauretania, was alive. His subjects complained to Augustus over this violation of theMosaic law. Archelaus fell into disrepute and was deposed in his 10th year of reign asethnarch, being banished toVienna (today Vienne) inGaul.[13][10] Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea became theRoman province ofJudaea.[14]
Archelaus is mentioned in theGospel of Matthew (chapter 2verse 13–23). An angel of the Lord appeared toJoseph in a dream and told him to get up and take Mary and Jesus andflee to Egypt to avoid theMassacre of the Innocents. When Herod the Great died, Joseph was told by an angel in adream to return to the land of Israel (presumably toBethlehem). However, upon hearing that Archelaus had succeeded his father as ruler of Judaea he "was afraid to go there" (Matthew 2:22), and was again warned in a dream by God "and turned aside to the region of"Galilee. This is Matthew's explanation of why Jesus was born inBethlehem inJudea but grew up inNazareth.
The beginning and conclusion of Jesus'parable of the minas in theGospel of Luke,chapter 19, may refer to Archelaus' journey to Rome. Some interpreters conclude from this that Jesus' parables and preaching made use of events familiar to the people as examples for bringing his spiritual lessons to life. Others read the allusion as arising from later adaptations of Jesus' parables in the oral tradition, before the parables were recorded in the gospels.
A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and then return ... But his citizens hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us." ... "But as for these enemies of mine," [said the nobleman,] "who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me." (Luke 19:12,19:14,19:27)
According to the EthiopicChristian apocryphal text "Epistle of the Apostles", Archelaus was ruling Cilicia under the Romans during the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This is not backed by any other primary sources, only the Ethiopic and Coptic versions of theEpistle of the Apostles.[15]
There are three princes by the name Phasael in the Herodian dynasty, all three mentioned by Josephus in "War" (BJ) and "Antiquities" (AJ):[16]
| Antipater the Idumaean procurator of Judea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.Doris 2.Mariamne I 3.Mariamne II 4.Malthace | Herod I the Great king of Judea | 5.Cleopatra of Jerusalem 6.Pallas 7.Phaidra 8.Elpis | Phasael governor of Jerusalem | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1)Antipater co-regent of Judaea | (2)Alexander I | (2)Aristobulus IV | (3)Herod II (Herod Philip) | (4)Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Idumea | (4)Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilea & Perea | (5)Philip the Tetrarch of Iturea & Trachonitis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tigranes V of Armenia | Alexander II | Herod Agrippa I king of Judea | Herod V ruler of Chalcis | Aristobulus Minor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tigranes VI of Armenia | Herod Agrippa II king of Judea | Aristobulus ruler of Chalcis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gaius Julius Alexander ruler of Cilicia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gaius Julius Agrippa quaestor of Asia | Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus proconsul of Asia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lucius Julius Gainius Fabius Agrippa gymnasiarch | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Hart, John Henry Arthur (1911). "Archelaus, King of Judaea". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 362.
Herod Archelaus Born: 23 BC Died: 18 AD | ||
| Preceded by KingHerod the Great | Ethnarch of Judaea 4 BC–6 AD | Vacant governed byRoman prefect Title next held by KingAgrippa I |
