| Hero | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Chinese theatrical release poster | |||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 英雄 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 英雄 | ||||||||||
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| Directed by | Zhang Yimou | ||||||||||
| Screenplay by |
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| Story by | Feng Li Bin Wang Zhang Yimou | ||||||||||
| Produced by | Zhang Yimou Bill Kong | ||||||||||
| Starring | |||||||||||
| Cinematography | Christopher Doyle | ||||||||||
| Edited by | Angie Lam | ||||||||||
| Music by | Tan Dun | ||||||||||
Production companies | |||||||||||
| Distributed by | Beijing New Picture Film (China) Miramax Films (United States) | ||||||||||
Release dates |
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Running time | 99 minutes | ||||||||||
| Countries | China Hong Kong[1] | ||||||||||
| Language | Mandarin | ||||||||||
| Budget | $31 million[2] | ||||||||||
| Box office | $177.4 million[2] | ||||||||||
Hero (Chinese:英雄;pinyin:Yīngxióng) is a 2002wuxia film[3] directed, co-written, and produced byZhang Yimou, and starringJet Li,Tony Leung Chiu-wai,Maggie Cheung,Zhang Ziyi,Donnie Yen andChen Daoming.[4] The cinematography was byChristopher Doyle, and the musical score composed byTan Dun. The film was nominated for anAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the75th Academy Awards.
The historical background of the film refers to theWarring States Period in ancient China, when China was divided into seven states. In 227–221 BC, the Qin state was about to unify the other six states, assassins from the six states were sent to assassinate the king of Qin. One of the most famous incidents wasJing Ke's attempted assassination of the King of Qin.[5]
Hero was first released in China on 24 October 2002. At that time, it was the most expensive project[6] and one of the highest-grossing motion pictures in China.[7]Miramax acquired American market distribution rights, but delayed the release of the film for nearly two years.Quentin Tarantino eventually convinced Miramax to open the film in American theaters on 27 August 2004.[8][9]
The film received positive reviews from critics. It became the first Chinese-language movie to top the American box office, where it stayed for two consecutive weeks, and went on to earn $53.7 million in the United States and $177 million worldwide.[2]
Hero incorporates multiple (and competing) narratives relating to the planned assassination of Ying Zheng, who will become the first emperor,Qin Shihuang.[10]: 280 As the narratives develop and the would-be assassin (Nameless) comes closer to his target, who is portrayed in an increasingly sympathetic way, going from a cruel tyrant to a compassionate, strong, and solitary figure.[10]: 280
During the Warring States period, Nameless, aQin prefect, arrives at the Qincapital city to meet the king, who has survived multiple assassination attempts by Long Sky, Flying Snow, and Broken Sword. Implementing tight security, the king forbids visitors from approaching within 100 paces. Nameless asserts he has killed the assassins, displaying their weapons. Impressed, the king permits Nameless to approach within ten paces to share his story.
Nameless recounts killing Sky at a gaming house before meeting Flying Snow and Broken Sword at a calligraphy school in a city besieged by the Qin army. Seeking to learn Sword's skill, he commissions acalligraphy scroll with the character for "Sword" (劍). Nameless learns of Snow and Sword's strained relationship. Upon completing the scroll, Nameless reveals his identity and the truth about Snow and Sky's relationship. He challenges Snow to a duel.
Meanwhile, a heartbroken and furious Sword engages in a tryst with his pupil, Moon. Snow kills Sword in retaliation, and Moon when she seeks vengeance. The following day, Nameless slays an emotionally unstable Snow before the Qin army, seizing her sword.
As the story wraps up, the king doubts Nameless, alleging he orchestrated the duels with the assassins. During the previous attempt, the king saw Sword as honorable, doubting his betrayal of Snow. The king suggests the assassins sacrificed themselves to earn Nameless the king's trust, enabling him to get close and assassinate the king.
In the king's version of the story, Nameless approaches Snow and Sword after staging a battle with Sky. He claims to have mastered a technique to kill anyone within ten paces, including the king. To get close to the king, Nameless needs to present one of their weapons. Snow and Sword argue over who should sacrifice themselves, leading to a brief scuffle where Snow injures Sword. Snow faces Nameless before the Qin army, while Sword, still recovering, watches. Snow is defeated, and Moon later gives Nameless her master's sword, suggesting that the swords of Snow and Sword should remain united even in death.
Nameless admits possessing the special technique the king mentioned but insists the King underestimated Sword. He reveals the technique's dual nature: deadly yet capable of appearing fatal while avoiding vital organs. Nameless used it on Sky, then orchestrated a fake duel with Snow and Sword. Snow agrees, but Sword refuses. Snow accuses Sword of squandering their chance three years prior when he spared the king of Qin during their assault. In anger, she attacks Sword, wounding him with Nameless's aid. The following day, Nameless "kills" Snow before the Qin army.
Later, Sword reveals to Nameless his decision to spare the king, expressing his desire for a unified, peaceful China achievable only through the king's leadership. Sending Nameless to the Qin capital, Sword inscribes "All Under Heaven" (天下) in the sand, urging reconsideration of assassination. Touched by Sword's understanding and the tale, the king overcomes his fear of Nameless. He relinquishes his sword, examines Sword's scroll, and grasps the concept that an ideal warrior should lack the desire to kill. Moved by this wisdom, Nameless abandons his mission, sparing the king.
When Snow discovers that Sword persuaded Nameless to abandon the assassination, she angrily confronts Sword, which escalates into a duel. Hoping that Snow will grasp his love for her, Sword refuses to defend himself, and is accidentally killed by Snow. Consumed by grief, Snow commits suicide.
Despite the king's reluctance, he orders Nameless's execution to uphold the law and set an example for national unity. Nameless is honored with a hero's funeral.
Director Zhang Yimou collaborated with Australian cinematographerChristopher Doyle to help realize his plan to divide the film visually into five sections, each dominated by a particular color. Zhang had initially wanted to use different cinematographers and shooting styles, but that proved impractical.[11]
Doyle compared their story toRashomon, as it has an unreliable narrator and stories within stories. The film tells different version of the story of how an anonymous hero in ancient China overcomes three rivals. The stories are dominated by the colors red, blue, and white. Red represents desire, possessiveness and jealousy. Blue represents reason and friendship. White represents the balance of reason and desire, the ultimate truth.[12] The overall framing story is darker with shades of black, and flashbacks are shown in vibrant greens. The colors were chosen for their aesthetic reasons, not symbolic ones, and the colors orange and pink were not considered as options; Doyle was dismissive of universal theories of color, such as those put forward by Italian cinematographerVittorio Storaro.[13]
The lake sequences were filmed in theJiuzhaigou national park in northernSichuan, China. The desert sequences were shot near the border with Kazakhstan.[13]
The film was scored byTan Dun, who also conducted theChina Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus for the recording. The composerChen Yuanlin also collaborated in the project.Itzhak Perlman performs most of the violin solos, with additional solos by Tan Dun himself. The theme song,Hero (英雄), composed by Zhang Yadong andLin Xi, was sung byFaye Wong. It is unavailable in the American versions of the film DVD and soundtrack album.[14][15]Wind & Sand (風沙) is a song inspired by the film and was sung byTony Leung. The musical instrument seen and played during the fight in theweiqi courtyard scene is aguqin. The guqin music for that scene was performed by Liu Li.
Hero was first released in China on 24 October 2002.Disney subsidiaryMiramax owned the American-market distribution rights, but delayed the release of the film a total of six times. Import DVDs of the film were sold online and Miramax demanded that the sites cease selling the DVD.[16]
The movie was finally released in American theaters on 27 August 2004 after intervention by Disney executives,Government of China andQuentin Tarantino, who helped secure an English-subtitled release.[17][8][9] Tarantino also offered to lend his name to promotional material for the film in order to attract box office attention to it; his name was attached to the credits as "Quentin Tarantino Presents".[18] In addition, a sword held by Jet Li's character in the original promotional poster was replaced by weapon resembling akatana, aJapanese weapon, in the North American promotional poster, which was both anachronistic and culturally misplaced. The United States version of the DVD, with Mandarin, English, and French soundtracks, was released on 30 November 2004 by Miramax. In 2010, Miramax was sold by Disney, later being taken over by Qatari companybeIN Media Group.ViacomCBS (now known asParamount Skydance) acquired the rights to Miramax's film library in April 2020, after buying a 49% stake in the studio from beIN.[19][20]Paramount Home Entertainment reissued the film on DVD on September 22, 2020, along with many other Miramax titles they had acquired.[21]
In the United Kingdom, it was 2013's sixth most-watched foreign-language film on television, with 150,100 viewers onChannel 4.[22]
There has been some criticism of the film for its American-release translation of one of the central ideas in the film:Tiānxià (天下) which literally means "Under heaven", and is a phrase to mean "the World". For its release inBelgium, two years before the U.S. release, the subtitled translation was "all under heaven". The version shown in American cinemas was localized as the two-word phrase "our land" instead, which seems to denote just the nation ofChina rather than the whole world. Whether Zhang Yimou intended the film to also have meaning with regard to the world and world unity was at that time difficult to say. Zhang Yimou was asked about the change at a screening inMassachusetts and said it was a problem of translation: "If you ask me if 'Our land' is a good translation, I can't tell you. All translations are handicapped. Every word has different meanings in different cultures."[23] InCause: The Birth of Hero—a documentary on the making ofHero—Zhang mentions that he hopes the film will have some contemporary relevance, and that, in the aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacks the themes of universal brotherhood and "peace under heaven" may indeed be interpreted more globally, and taken to refer to peace in "the world."[24][25] The phrase was later changed in television-release versions of the film.
The film opened in China in October 2002. It grossed CN¥100 million within a week, and CN¥243 million in three months.[26] It topped the 2002 annual Chinese box office and set the record for the domestichighest-grossing film in China, earning CN¥250 million[27][28] ($30 million).[2]
On 27 August 2004, after a long delay,Hero opened in 2,175 North American screens uncut and subtitled. It debuted at #1, grossing$18 million in its opening weekend.Hero grossed$53.7 million in the United States and Canada.[2] It is currently the fifth highest grossing non-English film in North America, behindThe Passion of the Christ,Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon,Life is Beautiful, andGodzilla Minus One.[29][30]Hero grossed$123.7 million in international territories outside North America, for a worldwide total of$177.4 million.[2]
OnRotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 94% based on 210 reviews, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "With death-defying action sequences and epic historic sweep,Hero offers everything a martial arts fan could ask for."[31] OnMetacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[32] Audiences surveyed byCinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.[33]
Roger Ebert called it "beautiful and beguiling, a martial arts extravaganza defining the styles and lives of its fighters within Chinese tradition." He said the film "demonstrates how the martial arts genre transcends action and violence and moves into poetry, ballet and philosophy."[6] Richard Corliss ofTime described the film as being like "Rashomon with a Mandarin accent" and compared the film toHouse of Flying Daggers, but said "Hero is the masterpiece", adding that "it employs unparalleled visual splendor to show why men must make war to secure the peace and how warriors may find their true destiny as lovers."[34] Michael Wilmington of theChicago Tribune called it "swooningly beautiful, furious and thrilling" and "an action movie for the ages."[35] Charles Taylor ofSalon took an especially positive stance, deeming it "one of the most ravishing spectacles the movies have given us".[36] Manohla Dargis ofThe New York Times wrote: "Filled with meticulous set pieces, including a showdown between Snow and Moon set among swirls of golden-yellow leaves,Hero is easy on the eyes, but it's too segmented to gather much momentum and too art-directed to convey much urgency." Dargis was impressed by the beauty of the actors and their compelling performances, "whose passions erupt as fiercely as any of the film's fights though often to more devastating effect." She concludes: "less than the sum of its attractive parts, it's nonetheless generally pleasurable."[25] Derek Elley ofVariety called it: "A dazzlingly lensed, highly stylized meditation on heroism."[11]
Nevertheless, there were several film critics who felt the film had advocated autocracy and reacted with discomfort. J. Hoberman ofThe Village Voice deemed it to have a "cartoon ideology" and justification for ruthless leadership comparable toTriumph of the Will.[37] Stephen Hunter ofThe Washington Post wrote an otherwise positive review, but concluded: "The movie, spectacular as it is, in the end confronts what must be called the tyrant's creed, and declares itself in agreement with the tyrant."[38][39][11] The "Sixth Generation" movement directorJia Zhangke described the focus of the film as "authority of power" that "for 'harmony in the world,' we should give up individual fights and efforts", and made him uncomfortable.[40]
The film also has been interpreted as a nuanced investigation into the relationship between culture on one hand, and political or military power on the other. In this approach, the film comments not only on China and its position in the world, but also on the ongoing erasures of languages and cultures under globalization.[41]
Zhang Yimou himself maintained that he had absolutely no political points to make.[42]
In 2014,Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[43]Hero was listed at 77th place on this list.[44]
| Award | Category | Recipients | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Foreign Language Film | Hero | Nominated | [45] |
| Golden Bauhinia Awards | Best Cinematography | Christopher Doyle | Won | |
| Best Supporting Actress | Zhang Ziyi | Nominated | ||
| Berlin International Film Festival | Hero | Nominated | ||
| Alfred Bauer Prize | Zhang Yimou | Won | ||
| Academy Awards | Best Foreign Language Film | Hero | Nominated | [46] |
| Hong Kong Film Awards | Best Film | Hero | Nominated | |
| Best Director | Zhang Yimou | Nominated | ||
| Best Screenplay | Li Feng, Zhang Yimou and Wang Bin | Nominated | ||
| Best Actress | Maggie Cheung | Nominated | ||
| Best Supporting Actress | Zhang Ziyi | Nominated | ||
| Best Cinematography | Christopher Doyle | Won | ||
| Best Film Editing | Nominated | |||
| Best Art Direction | Huo Tingxiao and Yi Zhenzhou | Won | ||
| Best Costume Make Up Design | Emi Wada | Won | ||
| Best Action Choreography | Tony Ching Siu-Tung | Won | ||
| Best Original Film Score | Tan Dun | Won | ||
| Best Original Film Song | "Hero" fromHero by Zhang Yadong, Albert Leung and Faye Wong | Nominated | ||
| Best Sound Design | Won | |||
| Best Visual Effects | Won | |||
| Taurus World Stunt Awards | Best Action in a Foreign Film | Tony Ching Siu-Tung | Nominated | [47] |
| Hundred Flowers Awards | Best Picture | Hero (joint winner withDeng Xiaoping andCharging Out Amazon) | Won | [48] |
| Golden Rooster Awards | Best Director | Zhang Yimou | Won | |
| British Independent Film Awards | Best Foreign Independent Film | Hero | Nominated | |
| New York Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Cinematographer | Christopher Doyle | Won | |
| National Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Director | Yimou Zhang(also forHouse of Flying Daggers) | Won | |
| Best Cinematography | Christopher Doyle | Nominated |
finale can be read either as a triumph of unity over chaos or as a victory by militarism over pacifism.
Only one week after the film debuted at the end of 2002, the box office exceeded100 million yuan and the figure reached243 million yuan in the next three months
its state-approved story of unification feels like a sellout, no matter how ravishing it is.
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