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Hercules' Club (alsoHercules-club,Club-of-Hercules; GermanHerkuleskeule,Donarkeule) is aRoman Empire andMigration-era artefact type.
Roman-era Hercules's Clubs appear from the 2nd to the 3rd century, spread over the empire (including inRoman Britain, cf. Cool 1986), mostly made of gold, shaped like wooden clubs.
A specimen found inKöln-Nippes bears the inscription "DEO HER[culi]", confirming the association withHercules. Indeed, alreadyTacitus mentions a special affinity of the Germans for Hercules, stating "they say that Hercules, too, once visited them; and when going into battle, they sing of him first of all heroes." This Hercules may be Tacitus' identification ofDonar throughinterpretatio romana.[citation needed]
There are two basic types, the smaller type (ca. 3 cm) cast in molds, and the larger (ca. 5 cm) wrought from sheet metal. A type of bone pendants found in Iron Age (Biblical period) Palestine is also associated with the Club-of-Hercules jewelry of the Roman era (Platt 1978). A votive mace made of bronze found inWillingham Fen, Cambridgeshire in 1857 follows the Roman model in shape and the representation of wooden knobs on the club, but adding indigenous (Celtic) iconography by depicting animal heads, anthropomorphic figures and a wheel at the club's base.
In the 5th to 7th centuries, during theGermanic migration, the amulet type rapidly spread from theElbe Germanic area across Europe. These Germanic "Donar's Clubs" were made from deer antler, bone or wood, more rarely also from bronze or precious metals. They are found exclusively in female graves, apparently worn either as a belt pendant, or as an ear pendant.
The amulet type was replaced by theViking AgeThor's hammer pendants in the course of theChristianization of Scandinavia from the 8th to 9th century.