Sir Herbert ButterfieldFBA (7 October 1900 – 20 July 1979) was an English historian andphilosopher of history, who wasRegius Professor of Modern History andVice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.[3] He is remembered chiefly for a short volume early in his career entitledThe Whig Interpretation of History (1931) and for hisOrigins of Modern Science (1949). Butterfield turned increasingly to historiography and man's developing view of the past. Butterfield was a devout Christian and reflected at length on Christian influences in historical perspectives.
Butterfield thought that individual personalities were more important than great systems of government or economics in historical study. His Christian beliefs in personal sin, salvation and providence were a great influence in his writings, a fact he freely admitted. At the same time, Butterfield's early works emphasised the limits of a historian's conclusions, including moral conclusions.
Butterfield's main interests werehistoriography, thehistory of science, 18th-century constitutional history,Christianity and history as well as the theory of international politics.[5] He delivered theGifford Lectures at theUniversity of Glasgow in 1965. As a deeply religious Protestant, Butterfield was highly concerned with religious issues, but he did not believe that historians could uncover the hand of God in history. At the height of theCold War, he warned that conflicts between self-righteous value systems could be catastrophic:
The greatest menace to our civilization is the conflict between giant organized systems of self-righteousness – each only too delighted to find that the other is wicked – each only too glad that the sins of the other give it pretext for still deeper hatred.[6]
Butterfield's book,The Whig Interpretation of History (1931), became a classic for history students and is still widely read.[7] Butterfield had in mind especially the historians of his own country but his criticism of the retrospective creation of a line of progress toward the glorious present can be and has subsequently been applied generally. The "Whig interpretation of history" is now a general label applied to various historical interpretations.
Butterfield found the Whig interpretation of history objectionable because it warps the past to see it in terms of the issues of the present and attempts to squeeze the contending forces of the past into a form that reminds us of ourselves. Butterfield argued that the historian must seek the ability to see events as they were perceived by those who lived through them. Butterfield wrote that "Whiggishness" is too handy a "rule of thumb... by which the historian can select and reject, and can make his points of emphasis".[8]
He also wrote about how simple pick-and-choose history misses the point, "Very strange bridges are used to make the passage from one state of things to another; we may lose sight of them in our surveys of general history, but their discovery is the glory of historical research. History is not the study of origins; rather it is the analysis of all the mediations by which the past was turned into our present".[9]
Butterfield's 1949 bookChristianity and History, asks if history provides answers to the meaning of life, answering in the negative:[10]
"So the purpose of life is not in the far future, nor, as we so often imagine, around the next corner, but the whole of it is here and now, as fully as ever it will be on this planet."
"If there is a meaning in history, therefore, it lies not in the systems and organizations that are built over long periods, but in something more essentially human, something in each personality considered for mundane purposes as an end in himself."
"I have nothing to say at the finish except that if one wants a permanent rock in life and goes deep enough for it, it is difficult for historical events to shake it. There are times when we can never meet the future with sufficient elasticity of mind, especially if we are locked in the contemporary systems of thought. We can do worse than remember a principle which both gives us a firm Rock and leaves us the maximum elasticity for our minds: the principle: Hold to Christ, and for the rest be totally uncommitted."
Butterfield and his Anglo-Catholic contemporary,Christopher Dawson, have been referred to as prominent "providential" historians.[11]
According toBrian Vickers, Butterfield makes simplistic generalisations which "seem unworthy of a serious historian". Vickers considers the book a late example of the earliest stage of modern analysis of the history ofRenaissance magic in relation to the development of science, when magic was largely dismissed as being "entertaining but irrelevant".[15]
In 1922, Butterfield was awarded the University Member's Prize for English Essay, writing on the subject of English novelistCharles Dickens and the way in which the author straddled the fields of history and literature.
In 1923, Butterfield won the Le Bas Prize for his first publication,The Historical Novel; the work was published in 1924.[16]
Also in 1924, Butterfield won the Prince Consort Prize for a work on the problem of peace in Europe between 1806 and 1808. At the same time, he was given the Seeley Medal.[17]
Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship, 1955.[31]
George III and the Historians, 1957, revised edition, 1959.[32]
International Conflict in the Twentieth Century, 1960. (1st edition,LCCN60-7954)Butterfield, Herbert (1976).2nd edition. Greenwood Press.ISBN0837175690.LCCN74006777.
History and Man's Attitude to the Past, 1961.
The Universities and Education Today, 1962.LCCN63-2887
The present state of historical scholarship, 1965.LCCN65-4621
Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (co-edited with Martin Wight), 1966.Butterfield, Herbert; Wight, Martin (10 October 2019).2019 pbk reprint. Oxford University Press.ISBN9780198836469.LCCN2019941463.
Magna Carta in the Historiography of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 1969.LCCN73-455486ISBN0901024015
^Herbert Butterfield,Christianity and History (London: Bell, 1949) 88-89, 130. There have been reprints and revisions in 1950, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1967 and 3009.
Bentley, MichaelThe Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Chadwick, Owen "Acton and Butterfield" pages 386-405 fromJournal of Ecclesiastical History, volume 38, 1987.
Coll, Alberto R.The Wisdom of Statecraft: Sir Herbert Butterfield and the Philosophy of International Politics, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985.
Elliott, J.H. & H.G. Koenigsberger (editors)The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.
Elton, G.R. "Herbert Butterfield and the Study of History" pages 729-743 fromHistorical Journal, Volume 27, 1984.
Soffer, Reba N.History, Historians, and Conservatism in Britain and America: From the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan (2009), chapter on Butterfield
Thompson, Kenneth W. (editor)Herbert Butterfield: The Ethics of History and Politics, Washington: University Press of America, 1980.
Schweizer, Karl,The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
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