Henry Villard
President of Northern Pacific Railway
In office 1881–1884
Preceded by	Frederick H. Billings
Succeeded by	Robert Harris
Personal details
Born	Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard (1835-04-10)April 10, 1835 Speyer,Rhenish Bavaria
Died	November 12, 1900(1900-11-12) (aged 65) Dobbs Ferry, New York
Spouse	Helen Frances Garrison ​ ​ (m. 1866)​
Relations	Henry Villard (grandson) Oswald Villard Jr. (grandson)
Children	4, includingOswald
Parent(s)	Gustav Leonhard Hilgard Katharina Antonia Elisabeth Von Pfeiffer
Known for	OwnedNew York Evening Post andThe Nation
Signature

Henry Villard (April 10, 1835 – November 12, 1900) was a German-Americanjournalist and financier who was an influential leader and the sixth president of theNorthern Pacific Railway (1881–1884) which completed its trans-continental route during his tenure in 1883.

Born and raised byFerdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard in the historic ancientRoman Empire border fortification, thenMedieval / Middle Ages town ofSpeyer, along theRhine River in theRhenish Palatinate of theKingdom of Bavaria.^[1] Villard clashed with his more conservative father over politics and was sent to a semi-military academy across the border in northeastern France. As a teenager, he emigrated to the United States in the 1850s without his parents' knowledge. He changed his name to Henry Villard, the name of a French classmate,^[2] to avoid being sent back to Europe, and began making his way west, briefly studying law as he developed a career in journalism. He supported famed Western explorer ("The Pathfinder") and military officer in theUnited States Army ofJohn C. Frémont (1813–1890), of the newly establishedRepublican Party in his first presidential candidate campaign representing the new political party in the1856 presidential election, and four years later followed formerU.S. Representative (congressman) fromSpringfield, Illinois ofAbraham Lincoln (1809–1865), in his bid for theAmerican Presidency in the1860 presidential election campaign.

Villard became awar correspondent, first covering the ensuingAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), and later being sent back overseas by theChicago Tribune to Europe (because of his childhood experiences and knowledge of foreign languages) to also cover the briefAustro-Prussian War in 1866, between twoGerman-speaking totalitarian / authoritarian regimes fighting for political supremacy inCentral Europe. It was also significant because with the quick decisivePrussian military victory over the neighboringAustrian Empire enabled the risingKingdom of Prussia under dynamicChancellorOtto von Bismarck (1815–1898, servedPrussia 1862–1871 /Imperial Germany 1871–1890), to exclude Austria and its rulingHabsburg imperial dynasty from futureGerman affairs and to then lead and dominate the unification campaign to create a new centralizedGerman Empire inCentral Europe. This occurred four years later inParis after a similar defeat of rival EmperorNapoleon III of theSecond French Empire and hisFrench Army military forces of France in the subsequentFranco-Prussian War of 1870–1871.^[1]

He became a pacifist as a result of his experiences covering the two conflicts at home and abroad of the Civil War and European wars In the late 1860s. He marriedwomen's suffrage advocateHelen Frances Garrison (nicknamed "Fanny") and the daughter of famed newspaper publisher and slavery abolitionistWilliam Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879), and returned to the U.S., only to go back to Germany several years later for his health in 1870.

While in Germany, Villard became involved in investments in American railroads, and returned to the U.S. in 1874 to oversee German investments in theOregon and California Railroad.^[3] He visited Oregon that summer, and being impressed with the region's natural resources, began acquiring various transportation interests in the region. During the ensuing decade he acquired several rail and steamship companies, and pursued a rail line from Portland to the Pacific Ocean; he was successful, but the line cost more than anticipated, causing financial turmoil. Villard returned to Europe, helping German investors acquire stakes in the transportation network, and returned to New York in 1886.

Also in the 1880s, Villard acquired theNew York Evening Post andThe Nation,^[4] and established the predecessor ofGeneral Electric. He was the first benefactor of theUniversity of Oregon, and contributed to other universities, churches, hospitals, and orphanages. He died of a stroke at his country home in New York in 1900.

He was born inSpeyer,Palatinate,Kingdom of Bavaria. His parents moved toZweibrücken in 1839, and in 1856 his father, Gustav Leonhard Hilgard (who died in 1867), became a justice of the Supreme Court of Bavaria, at Munich.^[2] He belonged to theReformed Church. His mother, Katharina Antonia Elisabeth (Lisette) Pfeiffer, wasCatholic. While he had aristocratic tendencies, he shared the republican interests of much of the Hilgard clan. His granduncleTheodore Erasmus Hilgard had emigrated to the United States during a clan move of 1833–1835 toBelleville, Illinois; the granduncle had resigned a judgeship so his children could be raised as "freemen". Villard was also a distant relative of the physician and botanistGeorge Engelmann who resided inSt. Louis, Missouri.^[5]

Villard entered aGymnasium (equivalent of a United Stateshigh school) in Zweibrücken in 1848, which he had to leave because he sympathized with therevolutions of 1848 in Germany. He had broken up a class by refusing to mention the King of Bavaria in a prayer, justifying his omission by citing his loyalty to the provisional government. Another time, after watching a session of theFrankfurt Parliament, he came home in aHecker hat with a red feather in it. Two of his uncles were strongly in sympathy with the revolution, but his father was a conservative, and disciplined him by sending the boy to continue his education at the French semi-military academy inPhalsbourg (1849–50).^[6]Originally his punishment was to be apprenticed, but his father compromised on the military school.^[5] Villard showed up for classes a month early so he could be tutored in theFrench language beforehand by the novelistAlexandre Chatrian.^[5][7]

On emigrating to America, he adopted the name Villard, the surname of a French schoolmate at Phalsbourg, to conceal his identity from anyone intent on making him return to Germany.^[6][7] Making his way westward in 1854, he lived in turn atCincinnati;Belleville, Illinois, andPeoria, Illinois, where he studied law for a time;^[8] andChicago where he wrote for newspapers. Along with newspaper reporting and various jobs, in 1856 he attempted unsuccessfully to establish a colony of "free soil" Germans inKansas. In 1856-57 he was editor, and for part of the time was proprietor of theRacineVolksblatt, in which he advocated the election of presidential candidateJohn C. Frémont of the newly foundedRepublican Party.

Thereafter he was associated with theNew Yorker Staats-Zeitung, for which he covered theLincoln-Douglas debates;^[6]Frank Leslie's; theNew York Tribune; and with theCincinnati Commercial Gazette. In 1859, as correspondent of theCommercial, he visited the newly discovered gold region ofColorado. On his return in 1860, he publishedThe Pike's Peak Gold Regions. He also sent statistics to theNew YorkHerald that were intended to influence the location of a Pacific railroad route.^[8] He followed Lincoln throughout the 1860 presidential campaign, and was on the presidential train to Washington in 1861.^[6] He became a principal correspondent of theNew York Herald in 1861. The young Villard was not content with working for a single newspaper and became a pioneer of newspaper syndication.^[2]

During theCivil War, he was correspondent for theNew York Tribune (with theArmy of the Potomac, 1862–63) and was at the front as the representative of a news agency established by him in that year atWashington (1864). Out of his experiences reporting the Civil War, he became a confirmed pacifist.^[6] In 1865, whenHorace White became managing editor of theChicago Tribune, Villard became its Washington correspondent.^[7] In 1866, he was the correspondent of that paper in thePrusso-Austrian War. He stayed on in Europe in 1867 to report on theParis Exposition.

At the close of the Civil War, he marriedHelen Frances Garrison, the daughter of the anti-slavery campaignerWilliam Lloyd Garrison, on January 3, 1866.^[4]He returned to the United States from his correspondent duties in Europe in June 1868, and shortly afterward was elected secretary of theAmerican Social Science Association, to which he devoted his labors until 1870, when he went to Germany for his health.^[8]

In Germany, while living atWiesbaden, he engaged in the negotiation of American railroad securities. After thePanic of 1873, when many railroad companies defaulted in the payment of interest, he joined several committees of German bond holders, doing the major part of the committee work, and in April 1874 he returned to the United States to represent his constituents, and especially to execute an arrangement with the Oregon and California Railroad Company.^[8]

Villard first visitedPortland, Oregon, in July 1874.^[9] On visiting Oregon, he was impressed with the natural wealth of the region, and conceived the plan of gaining control of its few transportation routes. His clients, who were also large creditors also of the Oregon Steamship Company, approved his scheme, and in 1875 Villard became president of both the steamship company and theOregon and California Railroad. In 1876, he was appointed a receiver of theKansas Pacific Railway as the representative of European creditors. He was removed in 1878, but continued the contest he had begun withJay Gould and finally obtained better terms for the bond holders than they had agreed to accept.^[8]

ThePacific Northwest was the booming sector of American expansion. European investors in theOregon and San Francisco Steamship Line, after building new vessels, became discouraged, and in 1879 Villard formed an American syndicate and purchased the property. He also acquired that of theOregon Steam Navigation Company, which operated fleets of steamers andportage railroads on theColumbia River. The three companies that he controlled were amalgamated under the name of theOregon Railroad and Navigation Company.^[8]

He began the construction of a railroad up Columbia River. On failing in his effort to obtain a permanent agreement with theNorthern Pacific Railway, which had begun its extension into theWashington Territory, Villard used his Columbia River steamship line as his railroad's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. He then succeeded in obtaining acontrolling interest in the Northern Pacific property, and organized a new corporation that was named the Oregon and Transcontinental Company. This acquisition was achieved with the aid of a syndicate, called by the press a "blind pool", composed of friends who had loaned him $20 million without knowing his intentions.^[7][10] After some contention with the old managers of the Northern Pacific road, Villard was elected president of a reorganized board of directors on 15 September 1881.^[8][11]

After attendingThomas Edison's 1879Menlo Park, New Jersey, New Year's Eve demonstration of hisincandescent light bulb, Villard requested that Edison install one of his lighting systems onboard Oregon Railroad and Navigation's new steamship, theColumbia. Although hesitant at first, Edison eventually agreed to Villard's request. After being mostly completed at theJohn Roach & Sons shipyard inChester, Pennsylvania, theColumbia was sent to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed its lighting system. This madeColumbia the first commercial application of Edison's light bulb.^[12]

With the aid of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company, his railroad line to the Pacific Ocean was completed, and it was opened to traffic with festivities in September 1883. The project had cost more than expected, and some months later these companies experienced a financial collapse. Villard's financial embarrassment caused the collapse of the stock exchange firm of Decker, Howell, & Co., and Villard's attorney, William Nelson Cromwell, used $1,000,000 to promptly settle with creditors.^[7] On 4 January 1884, Villard resigned the presidency of the Northern Pacific. After spending the intervening time in Europe, he returned to New York City in 1886, and purchased for German capitalists large amounts of the securities of the transportation system that he was instrumental in creating, becoming again director of the Northern Pacific, and on 21 June 1888, again president of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company.^[7][8]

In 1881, he acquired theNew York Evening Post andThe Nation. Villard installed a triumvirate of editors, consisting of his friendsCarl Schurz,Edwin L. Godkin andHorace White. White also helped manage Villard's railroad and steamship interests 1876–1891. They had met as newspaper reporters during the Civil War.^[13]

Villard had also had a hand in the large electric power business founded byThomas Edison, merging theEdison Electric Light Company, Edison Lamp Company ofNewark, New Jersey, and theEdison Machine Works atSchenectady, New York, to form theEdison General Electric Company. Villard was the president of this concern until 1892 when he was forced out after financierJ. P. Morgan engineered a merger with theThomson-Houston Electric Company that put that company's board in control of the new enterprise, renamedGeneral Electric.^[14]

In 1883, he paid the debt of theUniversity of Oregon, and gave the institution $50,000. As theUniversity of Oregon's first benefactor, he hadVillard Hall, the second building on campus, named after him.^[15] He liberally aided the University of Washington Territory.^[8] He also aidedHarvard University,Columbia University, theMetropolitan Museum of Art and theAmerican Museum of Natural History.^[7]

In Speyer he was a main benefactor for the construction of theMemorial Church and a new hospital. There he is still known as Heinrich Hilgard, and a street is named after him (Hilgardstrasse). He has been honoured with thefreedom of the city, and there is a bust of him on the compound of the Speyer Diakonissen Hospital.

In Zweibrücken he built an orphanage in 1891. He has also financed a school for nurses. He devoted large sums to the Industrial Art School ofRhenish Bavaria, and to the foundation of fifteen scholarships for the youth of that province.^[8]

He supportedarchaeologistAdolph Bandelier in his research on South American history and archaeology.^[7]

In January 1866, he marriedwomen's suffrage advocateHelen Frances Garrison (1844–1928),^[16] the only daughter of abolitionistWilliam Lloyd Garrison.^[7] Together, they were the parents of:^[17]

• Helen Elise Villard (1868–1917),^[18] who married Dr. James William Bell, an English physician, in 1897,^[19] and was a semi-invalid most of her life due to a childhood fall down an elevator shaft at the Westmoreland House.^[20]
• Harold Garrison Villard (1869–1952),^[21] who married Mariquita Serrano (1864–1936), sister of actorVincent Serrano, in 1897.^[22]
• Oswald Garrison Villard (1872–1949),^[23] who married Julia Breckenridge Sanford (1876–1962) and who succeeded his father as owner and publisher of theNew York Evening Post andThe Nation.^[24]
• Henry Hilgard Villard (1883–1890), who died young.^[25]

Henry Villard died of a stroke at his country home, Thorwood Park, inDobbs Ferry, New York. He was interred in theSleepy Hollow Cemetery inSleepy Hollow, New York. His autobiography was published posthumously, in 1904.^[26] Themonument at his grave site was executed byKarl Bitter.^[27]

Three years after his death, his daughter Helen brought a suit against the executors and trustees of his will.^[28][29] She claimed that Villard was of unsound mind when he made the will and was the result of fraudulent influence exercised over him by his wife and his two sons.^[25] In the will, she was only left $25,000 due to the fact that she married against her father's wishes. She contended that there was no mention of the $200,000 worth of securities she said her father claimed to have left her.^[30][31][32] Helen lost her suit as the Judge ruled in 1905 that her delay in filing suit had forfeited the right to attack the will.^[33] An appeal was rejected by the courts in 1910.^[34]

Through his son Harold, he was the grandfather ofHenry Serrano Villard (1900–1996), theforeign service officer andambassador, and Vincent Serrano Villard, and Mariquita Villard Platov.^[21]

Through his son Oswald, he was the grandfather of Dorothea Marshall Villard Hammond (1907–1994),^[35] a member of theAmerican University in Cairo, Henry Hilgard Villard (1911–1983), the head of the economics department at theCity College of New York and the first male president ofPlanned Parenthood of New York City, andOswald Garrison Villard Jr. (1916–2004), a professor of electrical engineering atStanford University.^[36]

In the late 1870s, Villard bought an old country estate known as "Thorwood Park" inDobbs Ferry, New York. The home, which featured sweeping views of theHudson River, was renovated byCharles Follen McKim ofMcKim, Mead and White in the early 1880s.^[37][38]

In 1884, Villard hired Joseph M. Wells of the architecture firm McKim, Mead and White to design and construct theVillard Houses, which appear as one building but in fact is six separate residences. The houses are located at 455Madison Avenue between50th and51st Street inManhattan with four of the homes opening onto the courtyard facing Madison, while the other two had entrances on 51st Street. The homes are in theRomanesque Revival style with neo-Renaissance touches^[39] and feature elaborate interiors by prominent artists includingJohn La Farge,Augustus Saint-Gaudens, andMaitland Armstrong.^[40]

After Villard's bankruptcy, the Villard House was purchased by Elisabeth Mills Reid (1857–1931), wife ofWhitelaw Reid, a diplomat and the editor of theNew York Tribune, and the daughter ofDarius Ogden Mills and the sister ofOgden Mills, bankers and financiers.^[41]

• Elizabeth Caruthers

Notes

Sources

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Villard, Henry" .Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905)."Villard, Henry" .New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
• Memoirs of Henry Villard (2 vols., Boston, 1904)
  • Volume I atWikisource
  • Volume II atWikisource
• The Early History of Transportation in Oregon Edited by Oswald Garrison Villard (University of Oregon Press, 1944)Reviewed here

• Buss, Dietrich G.Henry Villard: a study of transatlantic investments and interests, 1870–1895 (Arno Press, 1978).
• Cochran, Thomas C. (1949) "The Legend of the Robber Barons."Explorations in Economic History 1#5 (1949)onlineArchived June 20, 2019, at theWayback Machine deals largely with Villard.
• Alexandra Villard de Borchgrave; John Cullen (2001).Villard: The Life and Times of an American Titan. New York: Doubleday.
• Kobrak, Christopher."A Reputation for Cross-Cultural Business: Henry Villard and German Investment in the United States ." InImmigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman. German Historical Institute. Last modified September 30, 2015.
• McKenzie, William A. (2004) [1990].Dining Car to the Pacific: The Famously Good Food of the Northern Pacific Railway. Minneapolis, Minnesota:University of Minnesota Press.ISBN 978-0-8166-9721-2.
• White, Richard (2011).Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN 978-0-393-06126-0.

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Henry Villard

• Brief biography of Henry Villard
• Helmut Schwab, "Henry Villard": a more detailed biography
• Henry Villard Business Papers at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School

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