Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also calledHenry of Monmouth, wasKing of England from 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in theHundred Years' War againstFrance madeEngland one of the strongest military powers in Europe. Immortalised inShakespeare'sHenriad plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior-kings ofmedieval England.
Henry of Monmouth, the eldest son ofHenry IV, becameheir apparent andPrince of Wales after his father seized the throne in 1399. During the reign of his father, the young Prince Henry gained early military experience in Wales during theGlyndŵr rebellion, and by fighting against the powerfulPercy family ofNorthumberland. He played a central part at theBattle of Shrewsbury despite being just sixteen years of age. As he entered adulthood, Henry played an increasingly central role inEngland's government due to the declining health of his father, but disagreements between Henry and his father led to political conflict between the two. After his father's death in March 1413, Henry ascended to thethrone of England and assumed complete control of the country, also reviving the historicEnglish claim to the French throne.
Analyses of Henry's reign are varied. According toCharles Ross, he was widely praised for his personalpiety, bravery, and military genius; Henry was admired even by contemporary French chroniclers. However, his occasionally cruel temperament and lack of focus regarding domestic affairs have made him the subject of criticism. Nonetheless,Adrian Hastings believes his militaristic pursuits during the Hundred Years' War fostered a strong sense ofEnglish nationalism and set the stage for the rise of England (laterGreat Britain) to prominence as a dominantglobal power.
Henry was born in the tower above the gatehouse ofMonmouth Castle inMonmouthshire, and for that reason was sometimes called Henry of Monmouth.[2] He was the son ofHenry of Bolingbroke (later Henry IV of England) andMary de Bohun. His father's cousin was the reigning English monarch,Richard II. Henry's paternal grandfather was the influentialJohn of Gaunt, a son ofEdward III. As he was not close to the line of succession to the throne, Henry's date of birth was not officially documented, and for many years it was disputed whether he was born in 1386 or 1387.[3] However, records indicate that his younger brotherThomas was born in the autumn of 1387 and that his parents were at Monmouth in 1386 but not in 1387.[4] It is now accepted that he was born on 16 September 1386.[5][6][7][11]
Upon the exile of Henry's father in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge and treated him kindly.[12] The young Henry accompanied Richard to Ireland. While in the royal service, he visitedTrim Castle inCounty Meath, the ancient meeting place of theParliament of Ireland.
In 1399, John of Gaunt died. In the same year Richard II was overthrown by theLancastrian usurpation that brought Henry's father to the throne, and Henry was recalled from Ireland into prominence asheir apparent to theKingdom of England. He was createdPrince of Wales at his father's coronation andDuke of Lancaster on 10 November 1399, the third person to hold the title that year. His other titles wereDuke of Cornwall,Earl of Chester andDuke of Aquitaine.[13] A contemporary record notes that in 1399, Henry spent time atThe Queen's College, Oxford, under the care of his uncleHenry Beaufort, the chancellor of the university.[14] During this time, due to taking a liking to both literature and music, he learned to read and write in English, thevernacular; this made him the first English King that was educated in this regard.[15] Because of his love of music, he subsequently granted pensions to composers.
From 1400 to 1404, he carried out the duties ofHigh Sheriff of Cornwall. During that time, Henry was also in command of part of the English forces. He led his own army into Wales againstOwain Glyndŵr and joined forces with his father to fightHenry "Hotspur" Percy at theBattle of Shrewsbury in 1403.[16] It was there that the 16-year-old prince was almost killed by an arrow in his left cheekbone. An ordinary soldier might have died from such a wound, but Henry had the benefit of the best possible care. Over a period of several days,John Bradmore, the royal physician, treated the wound withhoney to act as anantiseptic, crafted a tool to screw into the embedded arrowhead (bodkin point) and thus extract it without doing further damage, and flushed the wound with alcohol.[17] The operation was successful, but it left Henry with permanent scars – evidence of his experience in battle.[18] Bradmore recorded this account in Latin, in his manuscript titledPhilomena. Henry's treatment also appeared in an anonymous Middle English surgical treatise dated to 1446, that has since been attributed toThomas Morstede.
TheWelsh revolt of Owain Glyndŵr absorbed Henry's energies until 1408. Then, as a result of the king's ill health, Henry began to take a wider share in politics. From January 1410, helped by his uncles Henry andThomas Beaufort, legitimised sons of John of Gaunt, he had practical control of the government.[12] Both in foreign and domestic policy he differed from the king, who discharged his son from the council in November 1411. The quarrel between father and son was political only, though it is probable that the Beauforts had discussed the abdication of Henry IV. Their opponents certainly endeavoured to defame Prince Henry.[12]
It may be that the tradition of Henry's riotous youth, immortalised byShakespeare, is partly due to political enmity. Henry's record of involvement in war and politics, even in his youth, disproves this tradition. The most famous incident, his quarrel with the chief justice, has no contemporary authority and was first related by SirThomas Elyot in 1531.[12][19] The closest contemporary source of such behavior is vague statements made by then Bishop of Norwich, Richard Courtenay, stating that the king had given up youthful pursuits and become chaste. This sources is suspect at best as Courtenay was a longtime friend of the young King and was typically unreliable.[20][21]
The story ofFalstaff originated in Henry's early friendship with SirJohn Oldcastle, a supporter of theLollards. Shakespeare's Falstaff was originally named "Oldcastle", following his main source,The Famous Victories of Henry V. Oldcastle's descendants objected, and the name was changed (the character became a composite of several real persons, including SirJohn Fastolf). That friendship, and the prince's political opposition toThomas Arundel,Archbishop of Canterbury, perhaps encouraged Lollard hopes. If so, their disappointment may account for the statements of ecclesiastical writers likeThomas Walsingham that Henry, on becoming king, was suddenly changed into a new man.[12][22]
After Henry IV died on 20 March 1413, Henry V succeeded him and was crowned on 9 April 1413 atWestminster Abbey. The ceremony was marked by a terrible snowstorm, but the common people were undecided as to whether it was a good or bad omen.[23] Henry was described as having been "very tall (6 feet 3 inches), slim, with dark hair cropped in a ring above the ears, and clean-shaven". His complexion was ruddy, his face lean with a prominent and pointed nose. Depending on his mood, his eyes "flashed from the mildness of a dove's to the brilliance of a lion's".[24]
Henry tackled all of the domestic policies together and gradually built on them a wider policy. From the first, he made it clear that he would rule England as the head of a united nation. He let past differences be forgotten—the late Richard II was honourably re-interred; the youngEdmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, was taken into favour; the heirs of those who had suffered under the last reign were restored gradually to their titles and estates. Yet, where Henry saw a grave domestic danger, he acted firmly and ruthlessly, such as during theLollard discontent in January 1414 and including the execution by burning of Henry's old friend, Sir John Oldcastle, in 1417 to "nip the movement in the bud" and make his own position as ruler secure.[12]
Englishchancery hand. Facsimile of a letter from Henry, 1418.
Starting in August 1417, Henry promoted the use of the English language in government[25] and his reign marks the appearance ofChancery Standard English as well as the adoption of English as the language of record within government. He was the first king to use English in his personal correspondence since theNorman Conquest 350 years earlier.[26][27]
Henry could now turn his attention to foreign affairs. A writer of the next generation was the first to allege that Henry was encouraged by ecclesiastical statesmen to enter into the French war as a means of diverting attention from home troubles. This story seems to have no foundation. Old commercial disputes and the support the French had lent toOwain Glyndŵr were used as an excuse for war, while the disordered state of France afforded no security for peace.[12] KingCharles VI of France was prone tomental illness; at times he thought he was made of glass, and his eldest surviving son,Louis, Duke of Guyenne, was an unpromising prospect. However, it was theold dynastic claim to the throne of France, first pursued byEdward III of England, that justified war with France in English opinion.
Henry may have regarded the assertion of his own claims as part of his royal duty, but a permanent settlement of the national debate was essential to the success of his foreign policy. Following the instability back in England during the reign of KingRichard II, thewar in France came to a halt, as during most of his reign relations between England and France were largely peaceful and so they were during his father's reign as well. But in 1415, hostilities were renewed between the two nations, and though Henry had a claim to the French throne, through his great–grandfather King Edward III byhis mother's side, the French ultimately rejected this claim as its nobles pointed out that under theSalic law of theFranks, women were forbidden from inheriting the throne. Thus the throne went to a distant male relative of a cadet branch of theHouse of Capet,Philip VI of France, resulting in the Hundred Years' War beginning in 1337. Wanting to claim theFrench throne for himself, Henry resumed the war against France in 1415. This would lead to one of England's most successful military campaigns during the whole conflict and would result in one of the most decisive victories for an English army during this period.[12]
On 11 and 12 August 1415, Henry sailed from Southampton and landed near Harfleur on the Norman coast by 14 August. His forces thenbesieged the fortress atHarfleur, capturing it on 22 September.[28] Many of his troops succumbed to illness; therefore, he decided to begin marching his army towardsCalais on 8 October, against the warnings of his council.[29] Around mid-October, he encountered a blockade of the classic ford at Blanchetaque near Abbeville, forcing Henry inland in search of another crossing. On October 19 and 20, Henry and his army crossed south of Péronne at Béthencourt and Voyennes, then turned north again towards Calais. The French army intercepted Henry on 24 October near Azincourt, which led to the famous Battle of Agincourt.[30] On 25 October, on the plains near the village ofAgincourt, a French army intercepted his route. Despite his men-at-arms' being exhausted, outnumbered and malnourished, Henry led his men into battle, decisively defeating the French, who suffered severe losses. The French men-at-arms were bogged down in the muddy battlefield, soaked from the previous night of heavy rain, thus hindering the French advance and making them sitting targets for the flanking English archers.[29] Most were simply hacked to death while completely stuck in the deep mud. It was Henry's greatest military victory, ranking alongside theBattle of Crécy (1346) and theBattle of Poitiers (1356) as the greatest English victories of the Hundred Years' War.[31] This victory both solidified and strengthened Henry V's own rule in England and also legitimized his claim to the French throne more than ever.[32]
During the battle,[33] Henry ordered that the French prisoners taken during the battle be put to death, including some of the most illustrious who could have been held forransom. Cambridge historian Brett Tingley suggests that Henry ordered them killed out of concern that the prisoners might turn on their captors when the English were busy repelling a third wave of enemy troops, thus jeopardising a hard-fought victory.[citation needed]
The victorious conclusion of Agincourt, from the English viewpoint, was only the first step in the campaign to recover the French possessions that Henry felt belonged to the English crown. Agincourt also held out the promise that Henry's pretensions to the French throne might be realized. After the victory, Henry marched to Calais and the king returned in triumph to England in November and received a hero's welcome. The brewing nationalistic sentiment among the English people was so great that contemporary writers describe firsthand how Henry was welcomed with triumphal pageantry into London upon his return. These accounts also describe how Henry was greeted by elaborate displays and with choirs following his passage toSt. Paul's Cathedral.[32]
Most importantly, the victory at Agincourt inspired and boosted the English morale, while it caused a heavy blow to the French as it further aided the English in their conquest ofNormandy and much of northern France by 1419. The French, especially the nobility, who by this stage were weakened and exhausted by the disaster, began quarrelling and fighting among themselves. This quarrelling also led to a division in the French aristocracy and caused a rift in theFrench royal family, leading to infighting. By 1420, a treaty was signed between Henry V and Charles VI of France, known as theTreaty of Troyes, which acknowledged Henry as regent and heir to theFrench throne and also married Henry to Charles's daughterCatherine of Valois.[32]
Following theBattle of Agincourt, KingSigismund of Hungary (laterHoly Roman Emperor) made a visit to Henry in hopes of making peace between England and France. His goal was to persuade Henry to modify his demands against the French. Henry lavishly entertained him and even had him enrolled in theOrder of the Garter. Sigismund, in turn, inducted Henry into theOrder of the Dragon.[34] Henry had intended tocrusade for the order after uniting the English and French thrones, but he died before fulfilling his plans.[35][36][37] Sigismund left England several months later, having signed theTreaty of Canterbury acknowledging English claims to France.
Command of the sea was secured by driving theGenoese allies of the French out of theEnglish Channel.[12] While Henry was occupied with peace negotiations in 1416, a French and Genoese fleet surrounded the harbour at the English-garrisoned Harfleur. A French land force also besieged the town. In March 1416 a raiding force of soldiers under the Earl of Dorset, Thomas Beaufort, was attacked and narrowly escaped defeat at theBattle of Valmont after a counterattack by the garrison of Harfleur. To relieve the town, Henry sent his brother,John, Duke of Bedford, who raised a fleet and set sail fromBeachy Head on 14 August. The Franco-Genoese fleet was defeated the following day after the gruelling seven-hour Battle of the Seine[38] and Harfleur was relieved. Diplomacy successfully detached Emperor Sigismund from supporting France, and the Treaty of Canterbury — also signed in August 1416 — confirmed a short-lived alliance between England and the Holy Roman Empire.
With those two potential enemies gone, and after two years of patient preparation following the Battle of Agincourt, Henry renewed the war on a larger scale in 1417. Aftertaking Caen, he quickly conquered Lower Normandy andRouen was cut off from Paris and besieged.This siege has cast an even darker shadow on the reputation of the king adding to the loss of honor following his order to slay the French prisoners at Agincourt. The leaders of Rouen, who were unable to support and feed the women and children of the town, forced them out through the gates believing that Henry would allow them to pass through his army unmolested. However, Henry refused to allow this, and the expelled women and children died of starvation in the ditches surrounding the town. The French were paralysed by thedisputes between theBurgundians and theArmagnacs. Henry skillfully played one against the other without relaxing his warlike approach.[12]
In January 1419, Rouen fell.[12] Those Norman French who had resisted were severely punished:Alain Blanchard, who had hanged English prisoners from the walls of Rouen, was summarily executed; Robert de Livet,Canon of Rouen, who hadexcommunicated the English king, was packed off to England and imprisoned for five years.[39]
By August, the English were outside the walls of Paris. The intrigues of the French parties culminated in theassassination of John the Fearless,Duke of Burgundy, by theDauphinCharles's partisans atMontereau-Fault-Yonne on 10 September.Philip the Good, the new duke, and the French court threw themselves into Henry's arms. After six months of negotiation, theTreaty of Troyes recognised Henry as the heir and regent of France.[12] On 2 June 1420 atTroyes Cathedral, Henry married Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. They had only one son,Henry, born on 6 December 1421 atWindsor Castle. From June to July 1420, Henry V's army besieged and took the military fortress castle at Montereau-Fault-Yonne close to Paris. He besieged and capturedMelun in November 1420, returning to England shortly thereafter. In 1428, Charles VII retook Montereau, only to see the English once again take it over within a short time. Finally, on 10 October 1437, Charles VII was victorious in regainingMontereau-Fault-Yonne.
While Henry was in England, his brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence, led the English forces in France. On 22 March 1421, Thomas led the English to a disastrous defeat at theBattle of Baugé against a Franco-Scottish army. The duke was killed in the battle. On 10 June, Henry sailed back to France to retrieve the situation. It was to be his last military campaign. From July to August, Henry's forces besieged and capturedDreux, thus relieving allied forces atChartres. On 6 October, his forceslaid siege toMeaux, capturing it on 10 May 1422.[40][41]
Henry V died on 31 August 1422 at theChâteau de Vincennes to the east of Paris.[42] The commonly held view is that he contracteddysentery just after the Siege of Meaux, which ended on 9 May. However, the symptoms and severity of dysentery present quickly. Recovery from mild forms may only be days while severe forms of dysentery are rapidly debilitating and deadly. He may have contracted a mild form of dysentery but in the weeks following, Henry seems to have been reasonably healthy.[citation needed] Though at the time, speculative causes of his recent illness includedsmallpox, the bacterial infectionerysipelas, andleprosy. There is no historical evidence for poisoning. But his recent victories in France and establishing himself as heir to the French throne with the Treaty of Troyes, he would have had many enemies. Recovering at the castle of Vincennes, by the end of June it seems he was well enough to lead his forces with the intent of engaging the Dauphinist forces atCosne-sur-Loire. He would have ridden full armour, probably in blistering heat, as that summer was especially hot. He was struck down again, with a debilitating fever, possiblyheatstroke or a relapse of his previous illness. For a few short weeks he was carried around in a litter, and his enemies having retreated, he decided to return to Paris. One story has him trying and failing, one last time, to mount a horse atCharenton.[citation needed] He was taken back to Vincennes, around 10 August, where he died weeks later. Henry's comrade-in-arms andLord Steward,John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, brought Henry's body back to England and bore theroyal standard at his funeral.[43] Henry V was buried in Westminster Abbey on 7 November 1422. Seven years prior during the siege of Harfluer his close companion and Privy Counsel member Richard Courtenay died of dysentery, and Henry gave orders that he be buried at the site of Henry's own tomb. At his own death Henry was buried in a secret chamber above that of his friend.[44][45][42]
Henry was 35 and had reigned for 9 years. Shortly before his death, Henry V named his brother,John, Duke of Bedford, regent of France in the name of his son, Henry VI of England, then only a few months old. Henry V did not live to be crowned King of France, as he might have expected after the Treaty of Troyes, because Charles VI, from whom he would have inherited the crown, survived him by two months.
Henry V's death at thirty-five years of age was a political and dynastic turning point for both the kingdoms of England and France. TheLancastrian ruler had been set to rule both realms afterCharles VI's death, which occurred in October 1422, less than two months after Henry's own premature death. This caused his infant son, also called Henry, to ascend the throne as KingHenry VI of England, at the age of nine months. Due to the new king'sage, aregency government was formed by Henry's surviving brothers,John, Duke of Bedford, andHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester. This acted as the sole governing force of England and its possessions in France until Henry VI came of age in 1437. Although for a time this largely proved to be a success, with England achieving their greatest territorial extent in France under the command of Bedford,[46][47] the later reign of Henry VI saw the majority of the territories held by the English lost or returned to the French, through reconquest or diplomatic cession;[48][49] English military power in the region eventually ceased to exist.[50][51] This marked the end of England's sustained military success in theHundred Years' War, with all theirhistoric possessions in France being lost, with the exception of thePale of Calais, which remained England's only foothold in the continent until it waslost in 1558.[52] The loss of land in France contributed significantly to civil strife over the succession of the English crown in the ensuing decades, culminating in theWars of the Roses (1455–1487) between Henry V's descendants, theHouse of Lancaster, and its rival, theHouse of York.[53]
Henry V is not only remembered for his military prowess but for his architectural patronage. He commissioned the building of King's College Chapel andEton College Chapel, and although some of his building works were discontinued after his death, others were continued by his son and successor Henry VI. He also contributed to the founding of the monastery of theSyon Abbey, which was completed under Henry VI. In the 16th century the monastery was demolished as a result of the growing movement of theEnglish Reformation during the reign of KingHenry VIII.
This sectionneeds expansion with: more details about different evaluations of Henry V by modern and pre-modern commentators. You can help byadding to it.(August 2025)
Henry V is remembered by both his countrymen and his foes as a capable military commander during the war against France and is one of the most renowned monarchs in English and British history. He is largely seen as a symbol of English military might and power, which inspired laterkings and queens of England. His effect onEnglish history,culture, and the military is profound. Henry's victories created a national sensation and caused a patriotic fervour among theEnglish people that influenced both the medievalEnglish army and theBritish army for centuries. His victories against the French during 1417–1422 led to many romanticized depictions of Henry V as a figure ofnationalism and patriotism, both in literature and in the works ofShakespeare, and in the film industry in modern times.[54][better source needed]
Later portrait of Henry, late 16th or early 17th century
According toBritishhistorianDan Jones, Henry "had a reputation for being austere to the point of desiccation, yet he was also theatrical and astonishingly adept at the art of public spectacle. He was a hardened warrior...Yet he was also creative, artistic, and literary, with a bookish temperament and a talent for composing music and playing a number of instruments." Jones does however conclude that Henry V is "'the greatest man who ever ruled England.'"[55]
Henry V has been depicted in many literary works, the most famous and influential depiction beingWilliam Shakespeare's series of playsHenry IV, Part 1,Henry IV, Part 2, andHenry V (which, along withRichard II, are known collectively as theHenriad in Shakespearean scholarship). Shakespeare's plays dramatise Henry's transformation from a reckless youth who keeps bad company into a virtuous ruler who wins France for England.
After his father became king, Henry was created Prince of Wales. It was suggested that Henry should marry the widow of Richard II,Isabella of Valois, but this had been refused. After this, negotiations took place for his marriage toCatherine of Pomerania between 1401 and 1404, but ultimately failed.[59]
During the following years, marriage had apparently assumed a lower priority until the conclusion of theTreaty of Troyes in 1420 when Henry V was named heir to Charles VI of France and provided in marriage to Charles's daughterCatherine of Valois, younger sister of Isabella of Valois.[42] Her dowry, upon the agreement between the two kingdoms, was 600,000crowns.[60] Together the couple had one child,Henry, born in late 1421.[42] Upon Henry V's death in 1422, the infant prince became King Henry VI of England.[42]
George Townshend 1778–1855 3rd Marquess Townshend,2nd Earl of Leicester
George John Frederick Sackville 1793–1815 4th Duke of Dorset, 10th Earl of Dorset, 5th Earl of Middlesex, 10th Baron Buckhurst, 5th Baron Cranfield
John Frederick Sackville 1767–1843 5th Duke of Dorset, 11th Earl of Dorset, 6th Earl of Middlesex, 2nd Viscount Sackville, 11th Baron Buckhurst, 6th Baron Cranfield, 2nd Baron Bolebrooke
Earldom of Leicester (6th creation) extinct, 1855
Dukedom of Dorset, Earldoms of Dorset (4th creation) and Middlesex (2nd creation), Viscountcy of Sackville, Baronies of Buckhurst (1st creation), Cranfield, and Bolebrooke extinct, 1843
Francis Edward Seymour 1788–1866
Richard Seymour-Conway 1800–1870 4th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 5th Baron Conway
Francis George Hugh Seymour 1812–1884 5th Marquess of Hertford, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Yarmouth, and Viscount Beauchamp, 6th Baron Conway
Henry Somerset 1792–1853 7th Duke of Beaufort,9th Marquess of Worcester,13th Earl of Worcester, 15th Baron Herbert, 8th Baron Botetourt
Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset 1824–1899 8th Duke of Beaufort,10th Marquess of Worcester,14th Earl of Worcester, 16th Baron Herbert, 8th Baron Botetourt
Henry Hugh Arthur FitzRoy Somerset 1900–1984 10th Duke of Beaufort,12th Marquess of Worcester,16th Earl of Worcester, 18th Baron Herbert, 10th Baron Botetourt
^Mortimer, Ian (2007).The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King. London: Jonathan Cape.ISBN978-0-2240-7300-4. pp. 371–372.
^Curry, A. (2013). "The Making of a Prince: The Finances of "the young lord Henry", 1386–1400". In Gwilym Dodd (ed.).Henry V: New Interpretations. York Medieval Press. p. 11.ISBN978-1-9031-5346-8.
^Richardson, R. (2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.).Plantagenet Ancestry. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. p. 364 n. 231.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Several combinations of 9 August 16 September, and the years 1386 and 1387 frequently feature as birth dates. 16 September appears in Henry V's birth record found inPrologus in Cronica Regina (printed byHearne), which states that he was born in the feast ofSt. Edith. Another document, located atJohn Rylands Library (French MS 54), gives the specific date of 16 September 1386. The only early authority which places his birth in August isMemorials of Henry V (ed. Cole, p. 64: "natus in Augusto fueras"); the date 9 August is first given byPaolo Giovio, but seems to be a misprint for his coronation date (9 April). The only other evidence for a birth in August would be a statement that he was in his 36th year (aged 35) when he died.[8] This would place Henry V's birth in September 1386 or August 1387.[9] Since Henry's household was at Monmouth in 1386 but not in 1387, and a specific date is given for 1386, the date of 16 September 1386 is now regarded as the correct one.[10]
^"Henry V".History.com. 6 November 2019. Retrieved9 August 2023.
^Jones, Dan (2024).Henry V: The Astonishing Triumph of England's Greatest Warrior King (1 ed.). London, England: Viking Press. pp. xxiv–xxv, 360.ISBN9780593652732.
^abCokayne, G.E.;Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, H.A.; White, Geoffrey H.; Warrand, Duncan;de Walden, Howard, eds. (2000).The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. Vol. II (new ed.). Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing. p. 70.
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