Henry Osborne Havemeyer | |
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| President of the American Sugar Refining Company | |
| In office 1891–1907 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1847-10-18)October 18, 1847 Manhattan, New York City, U.S. |
| Died | December 4, 1907(1907-12-04) (aged 60) Commack, New York, U.S. |
| Spouse | Louisine W. Elder |
| Children | 3 |
| Relatives | Havemeyer family |
| Alma mater | Bellport Academy |
| Occupation | Industrialist, entrepreneur |
| Known for |
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Henry Osborne Havemeyer (October 18, 1847 – December 4, 1907) was an American industrialist, entrepreneur and sugar refiner who founded and became president of theAmerican Sugar Refining Company in 1891.
Havemeyer was the third generation of his family in the sugar business and oversaw the expansion of the family firm into the American Sugar Refining Company, which dominated thesugar industry in the late 19th century. Together with his wife,Louisine Havemeyer, he was an avid and prolific collector of art, one of the earliest collectors to bringImpressionist art to America, guided by artistMary Cassatt.[1] After Louisine Havemeyer's death in 1929, a large part of their collection was bequeathed to theMetropolitan Museum of Art.
Henry Osborne Havemeyer was born inNew York City on October 18, 1847, the eighth of nine children, to Frederick Christian Havemeyer Jr. (1807-1891) and Sarah Louise (née Henderson) Havemeyer (1812-1851). His mother died in 1851, when Henry was three years old. He was raised with the help of his grandmothers, Mary Osborne Henderson and Catharine Billiger Havemeyer, and his oldest sister, Mary Havemeyer. The family lived in a house at 193 West 14th Street,[2] in what was then the northern frontier of New York City.
In 1854, Henry Havemeyer, age seven, and his brother Thomas, age nine, were sent to study at theBellport Academy inLong Island, under the charge of Mr. James Cruikshank. The following year, Henry followed his older brother Theodore toMr. Betts' School inStamford, Connecticut. He was a difficult, short-tempered student. After a fight with the principal, he left the school. His formal schooling ended at the age of eight.[3]
In 1799, William Havemeyer (1770-1851) arrived in New York City, followed three years later by his younger brother Frederick Christian Havemeyer (1774-1841). The brothers came from a family of bakers in Bückeburg, Germany, and trained in London during the last decades of the 18th century. William Havemeyer was brought to New York under contract to Edmund Seaman to run his sugar bakery on Pine Street. Frederick followed circa 1802, and in 1805 the brothers leased land fromTrinity Church on Budd Street (later renamed Vandam Street) to build their own sugar bakery, which opened in 1807.
After the Havemeyer brothers retired in 1828, their respective sons, cousinsWilliam F. Havemeyer (1804-1874) and Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. (1807-1891), took over theHavemeyer family business. In 1842, William F. Havemeyer began a political career, serving three terms asMayor of New York City. In 1856 Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. moved the business toWilliamsburg, Brooklyn leasing a waterfront lot between South 3rd and South 4th Streets on which to establish a steam sugar refinery.[4] In 1861, eldest son George W. Havemeyer, age 22, became partner, but died on November 27, 1861, when his clothes were caught in the crank of one of the refinery's large engines.[5] In 1863, Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. reorganized the business as Havemeyers & Elder, a partnership with sonTheodore A. Havemeyer in charge of refinery operations and son-in-law J. Lawrence Elder in charge of the mercantile business.[6]
When the partnership of Havemeyers & Elder was formed in 1863, Henry Osborne Havemeyer, known in the business as H.O. Havemeyer, was a fifteen-year-old apprentice and, in the family tradition, was learning his way through all aspects of the business from testing sugar at the docks to learning the complex processes of refinery operations, including the carefully guarded secrets of sugar boiling.[7] Subsequently, he became apprentice to J. Lawrence Elder, working on the mercantile aspect of the business—purchasing, sales and record keeping. When Elder died suddenly in 1868, H.O. Havemeyer and his brother Thomas took over the mercantile business and became partners in Havemeyers & Elder in 1869. Cousin Charles H. Senff also joined the partnership to manage refinery operations and construction with Theodore A. Havemeyer.[8]
By 1868, the Havemeyers & Elder refinery had doubled in size. Known as theYellow Sugar House,[9] it covered the blocks on theEast River waterfront from South 2nd Street to South 5th Street. Modern innovations were introduced into refinery operations, such that sugar was refined with great efficiency.[10] By 1876 Thomas Havemeyer was no longer involved in Havemeyers & Elder, and H.O. Havemeyer became the principal partner in charge of the mercantile business.[citation needed]
On Sunday, January 8, 1882, the Havemeyers & Elder refinery was completely destroyed by fire, a loss of $1.5 million.[11]
The partners, Theodore, H. O. and Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. and cousin Charles H. Senff, agreed to rebuild and constructed a large state-of-the-art refinery, the cost of which required the entire financial resources of the family, including Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr.'s personal fortune.[12]
The new refinery was designed by Theodore A. Havemeyer, Charles H. Senff and refinery superintendent Ernest Gerbracht. It was built of completely fireproof materials—brick and iron, with cast iron columns and wrought iron beams and girders. Electric lights were installed, a new technology that was less hazardous than gas lights.[13] The refinery reopened for business in January 1884 with a capacity to refine three million pounds of sugar daily.[14]
In 1887 H.O. Havemeyer established the Sugar Refineries Company, known as theSugar Trust. The late 1870s and 1880s were a time of intense competition in sugar refining, in which the growth of the industry after theCivil War led to overproduction and slim profit margins. Large refineries, such as Havemeyers & Elder, were producing sugar so efficiently and at such great quantity that supply outstripped demand. Refineries were unable to operate at full capacity and many smaller, less efficient refineries failed. In the face of these harsh conditions, the sugar refiners sought to organize in order to control production and pricing. On October 27, 1887, after two years of negotiations, an agreement was reached to combine into a "trust," called the Sugar Refineries Company.[15] By year end the Sugar Trust included 17 of the 23 refinery companies operating in the United States. A competition between the company's refineries followed to determine which were most efficient and would remain in operation. By 1890 five refineries remained in operation, with Havemeyers & Elder as the sole New York area refinery.[16]
The legality of the Sugar Trust came before the New York State court in a November 1890 suit,People of the State of New York versus the North River Refining Company.[17] This led the Sugar Trust to reorganize as a holding company, the American Sugar Refining Company, which was incorporated inNew Jersey on January 10, 1891, by attorneysElihu Root and John Randolph Dos Passos. Effectively the business practices of the American Sugar Refining Company maintained those of the Sugar Refineries Company and it continued to be known as the Sugar Trust.
In 1887 Havemeyer sought to bring the remaining independent refineries into the Trust. His chief rival on the West Coast wasClaus Spreckels, who refused to join the Trust. Using a small California plant that the Sugar Trust had acquired in 1891, Havemeyer began an aggressive price war to put Spreckels out of business. In retaliation Spreckels opened aPhiladelphia refinery in 1889, intending to undercut the Trust's business in the East.[18] A fierce price war continued for two years, until the Trust and Spreckels came to an agreement in 1891: Spreckels sold his Philadelphia refinery to the Trust and the two sides agreed to keep out of each other's territory.[19]
The years 1889-1892 were a severely competitive time for the Trust, where the margin between the cost of raw sugar and the price of refined sugar was at its lowest. Alleviation of conditions came when theMcKinley Act of 1890 eliminated import duties on raw sugar. Consequently, prices of refined sugar dropped and there resulted an increase in sugar consumption. In spite of intense competition from Spreckels, the Trust saw profits increase, distributed large dividends, and continued to expand.[20]
In 1891 Havemeyer moved to acquire the remaining three Philadelphia refineries. The acquisition of E.C. Knight Company, one of the Philadelphia refineries, was challenged by the U. S. government in the landmark case,United States v. E. C. Knight Co.. In 1895, theSupreme Court ruled in favor of the Sugar Trust, on the grounds that sugar refining was manufacture, not interstate commerce, and was therefore not under the jurisdiction of thefederal government, nor covered by theSherman Antitrust Act.[citation needed]
In 1898,John Arbuckle, a coffee merchant and wholesale grocer fromPittsburgh, head of the Coffee Trust, entered the sugar market. Arbuckle coated his beans in a mixture ofIrish Moss,Isinglass,Gelatine, Sugar and Eggs to preserve flavor which also enriched the coffee.[21]
Arbuckle had innovated in the automated packaging of his coffee beans and began to repackage sugar, which he bought from the Sugar Trust, to sell alongside his coffee beans.[22] Arbuckle moved to produce his own sugar and built a refinery inBrooklyn. Thereafter Havemeyer and Arbuckle entered into a fierce competition. Havemeyer bought controlling interest in a coffee business, Woolson Spice Company ofToledo, Ohio, in order to undercut Arbuckle's prices. Arbuckle retaliated by lowering prices on the sugar produced at his new refinery. The price war continued for three years. In 1901 the two men came to an agreement to end their costly war.[citation needed]
On June 12, 1894 H.O. Havemeyer testified before a special committee of senators appointed to investigate the Sugar Trust. He admitted to lobbying on behalf of his interests, which he claimed was within his rights and was common practice. A request was made by a senator to review all the political contributions made by the American Sugar Refining Company in 1892–1893. After seeking counsel, at his next appearance before the committee, Havemeyer declined to submit his company's books for examination or to answer any further questions.[23] In 1897 Havemeyer was brought to trial for contempt of court for refusing to answer the questions put to him by a committee of theUnited States Senate investigating the amount of donations his company had made to national and state political campaigns in 1892 and 1893. He was found not guilty and the indictment was dismissed.[24]
As a result of the Arbuckle price war, the few independent refineries that were built in the 1890s began to experience financial difficulties. Taking advantage of this, H.O. Havemeyer moved to acquire the remaining independent firms: the Mollenhauers Refinery in Brooklyn, National Sugar Company inYonkers, and New York Refining Company inLong Island City. He did so anonymously, using James H. Post, partner in the independent sugar broker firm B. H. Howell, Son & Company. The three refineries were consolidated into the National Sugar Refining Company of New Jersey, with James H. Post as president and B.H. Howell, Son & Company handling the mercantile side of the business. On May 31, 1900, the National Sugar Refining Company of New Jersey was incorporated in New Jersey. Although independent of the Sugar Trust, the American Sugar Refining Company owned half its stock and the National received preferential treatment from the Sugar Trust.[25]
After the turn of the century, Havemeyer expanded the Sugar Trust's holdings to thesugar beet industry in the West. In 1902, he consolidated four smallUtah factories into theAmalgamated Sugar Company. Also that year, working withthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), he revitalized theUtah-Idaho Sugar Company. In 1905 he consolidated a group of small sugar factories inColorado into theGreat Western Sugar Company. The Sugar Trust also acquired an interest in theMichigan Sugar Company, the Continental Sugar Company and a half-interest in Spreckels Beet Sugar Company of California.[26]
In 1892, Havemeyer made his first investment in Cuban raw sugar by investing in the Trinidad Sugar Company along with Charles H. Senff and Edwin Atkins. In 1906, he formed the Cuban American Sugar company, centralizing the management of five Cuban raw sugar manufacturers.[27]
In November 1907, two weeks before Havemeyer's death, a raid of the docks at the Havemeyer plant in Brooklyn by theU.S. Treasury Department revealed that the scales that were used to weigh incoming raw sugar had been tampered with and the firm had underpaid import duties.[28] Two United States special customs agents, Richard Parr and James O. Brzezinski, tipped off by a disgruntled employee, discovered a concealed spring inserted into the scale which permitted the checker to exert pressure so as to reduce the weight. The criminal case against the American Sugar Refining Company was brought to federal court in New York in 1908 by District AttorneyHenry L. Stimson andFelix Frankfurter, and was won by the government in 1909.[29]
A civil suit followed to collect custom duties owed to the government. To avoid further litigation and bad publicity, the American Sugar Refining Company agreed to settle the customs fraud case for $2 million in back payment. Individual officers of the American Sugar Refining Company were tried separately for criminal involvement. In 1909 dock foreman Oliver Spitzer was convicted for attempted bribery. Ernest Gerbracht, superintendent, and Charles R. Heike, secretary, and five company checkers were also convicted.[30]
In March 1870, Havemeyer was married to Mary Louise Elder. Mary Louise, known as Louise, was the sister of his brother-in-law, J. Lawrence Elder. It was a short and unhappy marriage. They were divorced in 1882, with no children.[31]
On August 22, 1883, Havemeyer married for the second time to 28-year-oldLouisine W. Elder, the daughter of George W. Elder and Matilda Waldron Elder. Together, Henry and Louisine were the parents of three children:
Although each of the children collected art in their own right,Electra Havemeyer Webb collected on the grand scale of her parents and went on to foundShelburne Museum to showcase her deep and diverse collections.
Havemeyer was an amateur violinist. He was a student of noted violinist Frederick Mollenhauer. It was his daily recreation and he would frequently play for three hours a day. Henry and Louisine Havemeyer held regular Sunday musicales at their home at 1 East 66th Street.[38]
Henry Osborne and other members of the family were major collectors of instruments. Some of the most important instruments they collectively owned were two violins: the 1723Stradivari 'Kiesewette' (played by Maxim Vengerov, Ilya Gringolts, Stefan Jackiw, Philippe Quint and most recently Augustin Hadelich),[39] 1737Guarneri 'del Gesù' "King Joseph",[40] and three cellos: 1711Stradivari "Duport" (ex-Rostropovich),[41] 1714Stradivari "Batta" (ex-Piatigorsky and most recently on loan to theMetropolitan Museum of Art)[42] and the 1743Guadagnini "Havemeyer".[43]
Havemeyer's first art purchases were made during his visit in 1876 to theCentennial Exhibition inPhiladelphia withSamuel Colman. He bought carved ivory figures, Japanese lacquered boxes, silk, brocades, and sword guards. Typically his purchases were impulsive, numerous, and deeply personal. Both Henry and Louisine had distinct tastes for art collecting that largely complemented each other. Both Henry and Louisine had to be in agreement as to an object's worth for it to enter their now legendary collection.[44] Louisine focused on collecting modern works by European painters, including the then-unappreciated Impressionists. She was most influenced by her close friendMary Cassatt, who encouraged her to buy works byEdgar Degas andClaude Monet. Louisine would make 33 transatlantic crossings, returning from each major trip with a bounty of great western art.
In her will, Louisine identified some 142 works as a bequest to theMetropolitan Museum of Art, and empowered her children to give the museum's curators free rein. By the time they had finished an inventory of the Havemeyer's three-story Fifth Avenue home 1,967 works would be assimilated into the Met's holdings, identified as the H. O. Havemeyer Collection.[45] The Havemeyer collection is represented throughout the galleries, but notably by the sheer volume of works present in theImpressionist collection.[46] Some choice works from the Havemeyer collection are on view at theShelburne Museum and theUniversity of Michigan Museum of Art.
In 1889 Havemeyer purchased 90 acres on Palmer Hill Road inGreenwich, Connecticut, on which to build a country home. The parcel had been owned by the Palmer and Quintard families for many generations, and was located to the north ofBoston Post Road, east of theMianus River, including 200 virgin acres at Mianus Ridge and Valley.[47] The house was called Hilltop and had a view ofLong Island Sound. It was designed byBoston firmPeabody and Stearns, three stories high with numerous facades, high gables, and six large chimneys.[48] Samuel Colman designed the interiors and furnishings. Walls were covered with Japanese papers. The dining room was modeled after 17th Century Dutch paintings. The library was the principal room adorned with bookshelves, paintings and musical instruments.[49] Superintendent James Troy managed the property, which included barns for horses, cows and pigs. The stables complemented the architecture of the house. There were three long greenhouses and acres of fruit trees and vegetable gardens. Figs were grown, as were orchids and gardenias. A grapery producedConcord grapes, both purple and light green, which won prizes at theMadison Square Garden flower show. The head gardener was George Morrow.[50]
In 1889 the Havemeyers purchased land at the corner of 66th Street and Fifth Avenue and hired architectCharles Coolidge Haight (1841-1917) to design a building for their residence. Built in theRomanesque Revival style, the residence was four stories high with a round turreted bay at the corner.[51] To design the interiors of the home, the Havemeyers hired the interior design firm ofLouis Comfort Tiffany andSamuel Colman. Construction of the building was complete in 1890; the interiors were finished by 1892. A work of art in their own right, the interiors were designed as a harmonious environment in which to display the Havemeyers collections of Asian art, Islamic pottery, Dutch and Impressionist paintings.
Tiffany and Colman designed every detail of the interior and its furnishings. They were inspired by the exotic cultures of the Near and Far East. Each room was thematically unique and covered with sumptuous materials, such as embroidered silks and Tiffany-designed glass tiles. Many of the materials used, including in the leaded-glass windows, light fixtures, mosaics and balustrades. were fabricated at theTiffany Glass and Decorating Co., and the interiors displayed Tiffany's "genius as a colorist and a luminist."[52] Islamic-themed mosaics covered the walls of the front hall. Chinese embroidered silk hangings covered the walls of the reception room. Japanese silk brocade panels were assembled by Coleman from the pieces Havemeyer had bought from theCentennial Exhibition in 1876. These fabric panels adorned the ceiling in Havemeyer's library, which was called the Rembrandt Room as it housed his collection of Dutch paintings. In the music room, where the Sunday musicales were held, walls were hung with Chinese embroideries and lit by a magnificent Tiffany-designed chandelier, inspired by the wildflower Queen Anne's lace and made of clusters of opalescent blown-glass balls.[53] The most spectacular element of the home was the flying staircase, inspired by that ofVenice's Doge's Palace. It connected a balcony that circled the upper half of the two-story picture gallery to the room below. Suspended from the ceiling by sparkling chains and fringed with crystal, the stairs floated on a curved piece of cast iron and would tinkle when crossed.[54] The house was torn down after Louisine Havemeyer's death in 1929. Some parts of the house are in the collection of theUniversity of Michigan Museum of Art.
The carriage house and stables were located at 126 East 66th Street, west of Third Avenue, designed in 1895 by Havemeyer's cousin William J. Wallace and S.E. Gage and later owned byJohn Hay Whitney.[55]
The Havemeyers spent the months of July and August inIslip, Long Island, where Havemeyer sailed on theGreat South Bay. In 1890 they bought property on St. Mark's Lane in Islip, Long Island, next door to Louisine Havemeyer's sister and brother-in-law, Adaline and Samuel T. Peters. In 1900 the Havemeyers moved into the Bayberry Point community that Havemeyer had developed, occupying the southwesterly house. Havemeyer owned a Herreshoff 30 namedElectra which he raced in the Great South Bay.[56]
Havemeyer purchased 500 acres inCommack, Long Island, neighboring the racetrack ofCarll S. Burr, who was engaged in breeding and training of trotting horses. Havemeyer was an avid hunter of ducks and other game birds. He owned a large stable of trotting horses and established a pheasant shooting preserve on land nearby.[57]
Havemeyer was a trustee of theAmerican Museum of Natural History[58] He and his brothers gaveHavemeyer Hall for aSchool of Mines to Columbia University as a memorial for their father Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. who studied atColumbia College from 1821 to 1823.[59] Havemeyer gave a school to the Town of Greenwich, Connecticut.[60]
H.O. Havemeyer died on December 4, 1907, at Merrivale Farm in Commack, Long Island, after a sudden illness.[61] He was at Merrivale Farm with his son Horace for a Thanksgiving visit to shoot pheasant; his wife Louisine remained in New York City to be by her dying mother's bedside. After Thanksgiving lunch, Havemeyer was stricken with acute indigestion. The local doctor was called, but could not help.[62] His wife and daughter Electra arrived the next morning with three New York City doctors; however, Havemeyer was beyond help. He lived for five days before dying at 3 p.m. on December 4. The cause of death is thought to be peritonitis, as a consequence of undetermined digestive failure, and subsequent kidney failure.[63] Funeral services were held at his home at 1 East 66th Street officiated by Rev. Dr.R. Heber Newton, an Episcopalian minister. Havemeyer was buried atGreen-Wood Cemetery.[64]
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