Henry Hamilton | |
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| Born | c. 1734 Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | (aged 62) |
| Other names | Hair Buyer, Hair-buyer General |
| Occupations | Military officer, colonial administrator |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Lee |
| Children | Mary Anne Pierpoint Hamilton (daughter) |
| Father | Henry Hamilton |
| Relatives | Sackville Hamilton (brother) Frederick Hamilton (uncle) Gustavus Hamilton (uncle) Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne (grandfather) |
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Henry Hamilton (c. 1734 – 29 September 1796) was aBritish Army officer and colonial administrator. He served in North America as Lieutenant Governor of theProvince of Quebec and later as Deputy Governor after theAmerican Revolutionary War. He later served asGovernor of Bermuda and lastly, asGovernor of Dominica, where he died in office.
In 1779, Hamilton was captured during the Revolutionary War by American forces atFort Sackville while serving as the Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs atFort Detroit. He was transported toVirginia, where Hamilton was held by GovernorThomas Jefferson's government until October 1780. He was then sent to New York and gained freedom in aprisoner exchange in 1781, being allowed to depart forLondon.
Henry Hamilton was born inDublin,Ireland, a younger son ofHenry Hamilton, an IrishMember of Parliament, and his wife.
Hamilton was raised inCounty Cork, Ireland. His older brotherSackville Hamilton later served as a Privy Councillor and Under-Secretary to theLord Lieutenant of Ireland. His direct paternal great-great-grandfather wasClaud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley.
As was typical of younger sons of theProtestant Ascendancy, Henry Hamilton entered theBritish Army. During theFrench and Indian War in North America, part of theSeven Years' War between Britain and France, he served as a Captain in the15th Regiment of Foot. They fought in the1758 attack onLouisbourg and theBattle of Quebec.[1] He was captured atSainte-Foy in 1760, but a French officer switched coats with him to ease his apprehensions about Native Americans killing British officers.[2]
With the support of Governor General of British North AmericaGuy Carleton, Hamilton rose to the rank ofbrigade major. In 1775, he sold his commission, leaving the Army for a political career.
In 1775, Henry Hamilton was appointed as Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs atFort Detroit,Province of Quebec (it then extended from the Atlantic to this area),British North America. (The fort site is now within the borders ofDetroit, Michigan).
This was one of five newly created lieutenant governorships in the recently expanded eastern territory of Canada. When Governor Hamilton reached his base at Fort Detroit to assume his government duties in theGreat Lakes region, the American Revolutionary War was already underway. Hamilton was in a difficult position: as a civil official, he had few British Army regulars at his command, and the loyalty of localCanadians andIndians was far from assured.Normand Macleod, a local fur trader and army officer, acted as the temporary "town major", a British government official in command of a fortified town, before Hamilton's arrival.[3]
Governor Henry Hamilton became adept at diplomacy with the Indians, establishing good relations with local Indian leaders of the Huron and Odawa tribes. An amateur artist, Hamilton also sketched portraits of many Indians while in Detroit, leaving what has been called the "earliest and largest collection of life portraits of Native Americans of the Upper Great Lakes." This is now held by Houghton Library at Harvard University.[4]
At the beginning of the war, British policy encouraged neutrality among the Indians leaders. But in 1777 Hamilton received instructions to encourage Indian raids against American frontier settlements inPennsylvania,Virginia, andKentucky. Hamilton responded toLord Germain, "Would to God this storm which is ready to fall on the Frontiers could be directed upon the guilty heads of those wretches who have raised it, and pass by the miserable many who must feel its fatal effects."[2]
This was a controversial policy, because he and other British officials realised thatLoyalists would inevitably be killed in these raids. Hamilton tried to limit civilian casualties by sending British Army regulars and Canadian militia alongside Indian raiding parties.[5] Despite this, Indian warriors carried out their own customs during the raids, resulting in hundreds of women and children inKentucky and western Pennsylvania being killed andscalped during the war. This, as feared, led to an increase in anti-British sentiment in the region. According to an early 20th-century local history, Americans on the frontier accused Hamilton of paying bounties for prisoners and scalps brought in by the Indian warriors, calling him the "Hair-buyer General".[6][7] Hamilton denied ever paying Indians for scalps.[citation needed] He did, however, accept scalps as evidence of success, for which Indian war parties were rewarded with additional supplies.[8][9]
In 1778, Patriot ColonelGeorge Rogers Clark, commanding Virginia state forces, captured several undermanned British posts in theIllinois Country, includingFort Sackville[10] atVincennes (then in Virginia-claimed land, now in present-day Indiana). Hamilton led an armed party from Detroit on 7 October 1778[11] to recapture the British post, 600 miles away. His small force gathered Indian warriors along the way, and entered Vincennes on 17 December 1778. They captured Fort Sackville and the American commandant, CaptainLeonard Helm.[12] In February 1779, however, Colonel Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise march, recapturing the outpost and taking Hamilton prisoner.
In early March, General George Rogers Clark ordered Hamilton to be taken to the Virginia state capital inWilliamsburg as a prisoner of war. Poor travel conditions on the Ohio River forced the group—led by Captain Williams and Lieutenant Rogers—to travel most of the way by foot through the Moccasin Gap between what is now Kentucky and Virginia, finally arriving in Williamsburg in the middle of June. Once in Virginia's capital, he was jailed and placed in irons by order of GovernorThomas Jefferson and the Virginia Executive Council. Hamilton was held from 16 June – 29 September 1779. Hamilton rejected an offer of parole on the grounds that the terms violated his freedom of speech in restraining him from "saying anything to the prejudice of the United States." Jefferson refused to treat Hamilton and other British prisoners asprisoners-of-war and handled them as he would have handled escaped slaves: putting them in irons for 18 months in Williamsburg and Chesterfield. Governor Jefferson eventually dropped charges of scalp-buying,[13] but did not release Hamilton until October 1780, and only afterGeorge Washington during several months had entreated him to accept his parole. Hamilton was sent to New York to await a prisoner exchange. This took place in March 1781. He immediately sailed toLondon, England on a British ship.
Henry Hamilton was reassigned to Canada in 1782 under an appointment as Lieutenant-Governor, and later Deputy-Governor of theProvince of Quebec. He administered during the transition in the postwar years as the Crown granted thousands of acres of land, mostly in what becameUpper Canada, to Loyalists as compensation for their losses in the former Thirteen Colonies and as payment to soldiers.
After a few years, Hamilton was reassigned as royalGovernor of Bermuda, serving from 1785 to 1794. He then departed Bermuda on HMS Scorpion (stopping enroute at Antigua on 4 December 1794) to serve asGovernor of Dominica, the present-dayCommonwealth of Dominica, from 1794 until his death in office in 1796.[14] In March 1795, at age 61, Hamilton married 25-year-old Elizabeth Lee from Banbury, Oxfordshire, a daughter of Colonel Lee. The Hamiltons had one daughter together, Mary Anne Pierpoint Hamilton. She died in 1871, unmarried and without children.[14]
Hamilton died in office on the island ofAntigua, British North America, now Antigua and Barbuda, on 29 September 1796.
Among his papers, Hamilton had kept a journal from 1778 to 1779 as Lieutenant Governor at Fort Detroit during the American Revolution; this was published for the first time posthumously in 1951 in a history that addressed his and George Rogers Clark's roles in the war.[15]
US authorWinston Churchill wrote an epic historical novel in 1904 calledThe Crossing covering a man's life in the old Northwest from the Revolution to theBurr Conspiracy. The first part is about the protagonist marching as a drummer boy withGeorge Rogers Clark and the highlight is the capture of Vincennes from Hamilton. There is much information about Hamilton's activities and his reputation among the local backwoodsmen, based on research from original documents.
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