Henri Calloc'h de Kérillis | |
|---|---|
 Henri de Kérillis in 1936 | |
| Born | (1889-10-27)27 October 1889 Vertheuil, Gironde, France |
| Died | 11 April 1958(1958-04-11) (aged 68) Long Island, New York, United States |
| Occupation | Politician |
Henri Calloc'h de Kérillis (27 October 1889 – 11 April 1958) was a French aviator, reporter, writer and politician. A hero ofWorld War I, he traveled widely in the 1920s, and wrote several books about his adventures. He became a journalist, then entered politics as an independent Republican. He was right-wing, conservative and profoundly nationalist. He was hostile to the parties that favored appeasement of Germany in the lead-up toWorld War II, and went into exile rather than be arrested after the armistice of July 1940. At first a strong supporter ofCharles de Gaulle and his Free French, he later fell out with de Gaulle too. He spent the last years of his life in voluntary exile in the United States.
Henri de Kérillis was born on 27 October 1889 atVertheuil, Gironde.[1]His parents were rear-Admiral Henri Calloc'h de Kérillis (1856–1940) and Louise Antoinette d'Elbauve (1864–1931).[2]His family background was military, and he was expected to also follow a military career.He graduated from thecavalry school atSaumur as a second-lieutenant.[3]On 29 June 1914 he married Anne Demaison (1891-1954). They had two children.[4]
InWorld War I de Kérillis was at first a cavalry lieutenant. He participated in the raid of the Gironde Squadron behind enemy lines in Belgium on 10 September 1914.He was wounded, and was made a knight of theLegion of Honor. He joined the air force, where he was known for his bravery. In June 1916 he led a reprisal raid onKarlsruhe killing 117 defenseless people, including 30 men, 5 women and 82 children.He flew 256 missions, was cited six times and made an officer of the Legion of Honor. He suffered a serious injury, requiringtrepanning.[1]He then joined the Under-Secretary of State for Aeronautics, where he was responsible for monitoring the bomber fleet.[3]
When the war ended, de Kérillis resigned from the army.Until 1926 he was a director of theFarman Aviation Works.For this company he visited England and America, and spent six months in Cuba installing the first aerodrome there.[1]He participated in a mission led byGaston Gradis to cross the Sahara fromColomb-Béchar in Algeria toSavé in Dahomey (nowBenin) between 15 November and 3 December 1924.[5]He recorded the experience in his first book,De l'Algérie au Dahomey en automobile (1925).[6]
De Kérillis began working forl'Écho de Paris, first as a reporter of major stories, then as chief of domestic politics.He continued to travel widely and to meet leading political figures in the countries he visited. He recorded his experiences and views inDu Pacifique à la mer Morte (From the Pacific to the Dead Sea),Faisons le point (Taking Stock) andL'Italie nouvelle (The New Italy).He published his political views in theEcho de Paris and then in theEpoque.[1]In 1925 he was in Syria, reporting forl'Écho de Paris during theGreat Syrian Revolt.He blamed the events on the high commissioner, GeneralMaurice Sarrail, who he said had ignored warnings of trouble.[7]
De Kérillis had right-wing, conservative and nationalist political views.[8]
He was early to point out the danger of German aggression and the need to resist.As early as April 1920, in an article inl'Écho de Paris he pointed out the danger of German civil aviation, which had not been mentioned in theTreaty of Versailles but could easily be converted for use in transport and bombing.[3]
De Kérillis was not opposed to fascist regimes in Italy and Spain. During theItalian invasion of Ethiopia (October 1935 to May 1936), de Kérillis strongly opposedÉdouard Herriot, who supported the Ethiopians and had pro-Communist views.[citation needed] He published vicious attacks on Herriot inl'Echo de Paris throughout the crisis.[9]He saw racism as the new ideology of totalitarian regimes, and called it"le ciment des dictatures" in a November 1938 article inl'Époque.[10]However, he supportedBenito Mussolini, noting that hisFascism did not discriminate on the basis of race or religion, asNazism did and that many Jews had joined the party.[11]
During theSpanish Civil War (July 1936 to April 1939), he considered that France should have helped GeneralFranco to prevent him from having to become aligned with Germany and Italy.[1] On June 18, 1937, an article De Kérillis wrote was published inL'Époque where he attackedFrançois Mauriac for his criticism of Catholics and the Catholic Church supporting Franco's treatment of the Basque people in Spain. He argued it was the Republican government's fault for making Franco resort to such actions, saying "Mr. Academician, your ancient people are a heroic people whom we love and whose martyrdom fills us with despair. But they are victims of senseless, ambitious, and insane politicians who bear responsibility for all the bloodshed and so much misery.".[12]
In 1926 de Kérillis was on the list headed byPaul Reynaud in a by-election in the 2nd sector of Paris.After a vigorous campaign, Raynaud and de Kérillis were beaten in the second round by a list headed by the communist Jacques Duclos.[13]Seeing the poor organization of the national parties, he founded a "Center of National Republican propaganda" which provided opinion pieces in journals, helped candidates with leaflets, posters and films, and organized committees and speakers.[1]The Center aimed to pull together conservatives into a united party supportingAndré Tardieu.In this he was opposed byVictor Perret, who felt this was a distraction from theRepublican Federation.[14]
In 1932 de Kérillis tried for election in the7th arrondissement of Paris, but was defeated.He finally won election to parliament in the elections of 26 April 1936.[1]In parliament, de Kérillis was an independent Republican.He was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.He opposed the cabinets ofLéon Blum andCamille Chautemps, supported that ofÉdouard Daladier and opposed that ofPaul Reynaud.He opposed the 40-hour week law and the law for resolution of labor disputes, and voted for paid leave.His main activity was in foreign affairs, where he was against the pacifist policy of the left-wingPopular Front,and expressed concern about France's military weakness.[1]
De Kérillis was the only conservative deputy to vote against theMunich Agreement.[15]He described the agreement as shameful. He said that Germany was insatiable, respected only the strong and would show no pity to the weak, which France had shown herself to be. He said that far from becoming peaceful, Germany would become more demanding and terrible.[16]In January 1939 he again spoke on foreign policy, saying that each time France abandoned an ally, she became weaker and less secure.He alternated between opposing an alliance with Russia, which he saw as interfering in French politics through the Communist party, and supporting an eastern alliance.By 1940 he was in favor of a broad coalition of states in Western, Central and Eastern Europe, including the USSR, to preserve the peace.In a January 1940 debate, he opposed expelling communists from parliament, calling those who supported the measure defeatist and pro-German.[1]
When Reynaud's cabinet fell on 16 June 1940, de Kérillis flew in a small plane piloted by his brother Hervé from Bordeaux toJersey, from where the English took them toExeter on 15 June 1940.[17]De Kérillis met GeneralCharles de Gaulle in London before going on to New York.[18]He reached the United States in mid-July. He was not present inVichy on 10 July 1940 when MarshalPhilippe Pétain was voted full powers.De Kérillis was expelled from the Legion of Honor and his property was confiscated.He was deprived of French nationality in the summer of 1940, and was sentenced to death in absentia.His son Alain was arrested. De Kérillis never saw him again.[1]
Geneviève Tabouis, a friend of the Roosevelts and passionate anti-Nazi, created a weekly journalPour la victoire (For Victory) that first appeared in January 1942.De Kérillis wrote the main editorials for the journal.De Kérillis persuaded prominent writers to contribute to the journal, includingJacques Maritain,Ève Curie,Claude Lévi-Strauss,André Breton,Henri Peyre,Julien Green andAntoine de Saint-Exupéry.[18]At first he was a strong supporter of de Gaulle in the United States and Canada.[18]In September 1942 de Kérillis publishedFrançais, voici la vérité (French people, here is the truth) in which he criticized the government of Marshal Petain and praised GeneralCharles de Gaulle.[1]In September 1942 he signed a letter sent to GeneralCharles de Gaulle by five members of the French parliament.The other signatories wereÉdouard Jonas,Hervé de Lyrot,Pierre Mendès France andPierre Cot.[19]De Kérillis sympathized with de Gaulle's difficulty, saying in a letter to him,
Wherever there are twenty Frenchmen they fight among themselves. There are those for de Gaulle and those against him, those for him and against the British, those for the British and against him, those for Pétain, those for Weygand, and those for Laval. There are also the fools, the cowards and those who are afraid. There is all and everything. The terrible tragedy has taught them nothing and has changed nothing.[20]
By 1943 de Kérillis had become hostile to de Gaulle.[15]The turning point came when de Gaulle began to assume total control of the Free French movement, both military and political, starting with his attacks on GeneralHenri Giraud in North Africa. His hostility deepened when de Gaulle brought communists into the government in exile, since de Kérillis considered that the communists had betrayed France by supporting theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[18]He was among the prominent refugees from France who created friction between de Gaulle andFranklin D. Roosevelt.[21]
De Kérillis leftPour la victoire in December 1944.[1]In October 1945 he published a work calledDe Gaulle dictateur.In it he accused de Gaulle of having lost sight of his first objective of liberating France in favor of his personal political ambitions.He said that de Gaulle's entourage included former "Cagoulards", extreme right wing terrorists who had tried to destabilize the 3rd Republic in the 1930s.[22]He describedAndré Dewavrin ("Colonel Passy") as de Gaulle's "evil genius", describing him as the "all powerful head of the Gaullist Gestapo."[15]
De Kérillis chose voluntary exile in the United States after the war rather than return to a France "humiliated and enslaved by her new masters."[23]He died on 11 April 1958 at his farm onLong Island, New York.[1]
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