| Part of a series on |
| Cannabis |
|---|
 |
Pharmacology |
Law |
Hemp oil (hemp seed oil) is oil obtained by pressinghemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused withhash oil, atetrahydrocannabinol-containing oil made from theCannabis flower.
Refined hemp seed oil is clear and colorless, with little flavor. It is primarily used in body care products. Industrial hemp seed oil is used in lubricants, paints, inks, fuel, and plastics. Hemp seed oil is used in the production of soaps, shampoos and detergents. The oil has a 3:1 ratio ofomega-6 toomega-3essential fatty acids.[1] It may also be used as afeedstock for the large-scale production ofbiodiesel.[2]
Hemp seed oil is manufactured from varieties ofCannabis sativa that do not contain significant amounts oftetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive element present in the cannabis plant. This manufacturing process typically includes cleaning the seed to 99.99% before pressing the oil. There is no THC within the hemp seed, although trace amounts of THC may be found in hemp seed oil when plant matter adheres to the seed surface during manufacturing. The modern production of hemp seed oil, particularly in Canada, has successfully lowered THC values since 1998.[3] Regular accredited sampling of THC in Canadian hemp seed oil shows THC levels usually below detection limit of 4 ppm (parts per million, or 4 mg/kg). Legal limit for THC content in foodstuffs in Canada is 10 ppm.[4] In theEU some countries have limits defined such as 5 ppm or "none detected", while other EU countries have no limits defined.
About 49% of the weight ofhempseed is an edible oil[5] that contains 76% aspolyunsaturated fat, includingomega-6 fatty acids such aslinoleic acid (LA, 54%) andgamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 3%), andomega-3 fatty acids such asalpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 17%) andstearidonic acid (2%). Both LA and ALA areessential fatty acids. In addition, hempseed oil contains 5% to 11%monounsaturated fat and 5% to 7%saturated fat.[5][6] In common with other oils and fats, hemp seed oil provides 9 kcal/g.[6]
Compared with other culinary oils, hempseed oil is low in saturated fat and rich in polyunsaturated fat. It has a relatively lowsmoke point and is not suitable for frying. It is primarily used as a food oil anddietary supplement.
| Type | Processing treatment[8] | Saturated fatty acids | Monounsaturated fatty acids | Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Smoke point | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total[7] | Oleic acid (ω−9) | Total[7] | α-Linolenic acid (ω−3) | Linoleic acid (ω−6) | ω−6:3 ratio | ||||
| Avocado[9] | 11.6 | 70.6 | 67.9 | 13.5 | 1 | 12.5 | 12.5:1 | 250 °C (482 °F)[10] | |
| Brazil nut[11] | 24.8 | 32.7 | 31.3 | 42.0 | 0.1 | 41.9 | 419:1 | 208 °C (406 °F)[12] | |
| Canola[13] | 7.4 | 63.3 | 61.8 | 28.1 | 9.1 | 18.6 | 2:1 | 204 °C (400 °F)[14] | |
| Coconut[15] | 82.5 | 6.3 | 6 | 1.7 | 0.019 | 1.68 | 88:1 | 175 °C (347 °F)[12] | |
| Corn[16] | 12.9 | 27.6 | 27.3 | 54.7 | 1 | 58 | 58:1 | 232 °C (450 °F)[14] | |
| Cottonseed[17] | 25.9 | 17.8 | 19 | 51.9 | 1 | 54 | 54:1 | 216 °C (420 °F)[14] | |
| Cottonseed[18] | hydrogenated | 93.6 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.5:1 | ||
| Flaxseed/linseed[19] | 9.0 | 18.4 | 18 | 67.8 | 53 | 13 | 0.2:1 | 107 °C (225 °F) | |
| Grape seed[20] | 9.6 | 16.1 | 15.8 | 69.9 | 0.10 | 69.6 | very high | 216 °C (421 °F) | |
| Hemp seed[21] | 7.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 82.0 | 22.0 | 54.0 | 2.5:1 | 166 °C (330 °F)[22] | |
| High-oleic safflower oil[23] | 7.5 | 75.2 | 75.2 | 12.8 | 0 | 12.8 | very high | 212 °C (414 °F)[12] | |
| Olive (extra virgin)[24] | 13.8 | 73.0 | 71.3 | 10.5 | 0.7 | 9.8 | 14:1 | 193 °C (380 °F)[12] | |
| Palm[25] | 49.3 | 37.0 | 40 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 9.1 | 45.5:1 | 235 °C (455 °F) | |
| Palm[26] | hydrogenated | 88.2 | 5.7 | 0 | |||||
| Peanut[27] | 16.2 | 57.1 | 55.4 | 19.9 | 0.318 | 19.6 | 61.6:1 | 232 °C (450 °F)[14] | |
| Rice bran oil | 25 | 38.4 | 38.4 | 36.6 | 2.2 | 34.4[28] | 15.6:1 | 232 °C (450 °F)[29] | |
| Sesame[30] | 14.2 | 39.7 | 39.3 | 41.7 | 0.3 | 41.3 | 138:1 | ||
| Soybean[31] | 15.6 | 22.8 | 22.6 | 57.7 | 7 | 51 | 7.3:1 | 238 °C (460 °F)[14] | |
| Soybean[32] | partially hydrogenated | 14.9 | 43.0 | 42.5 | 37.6 | 2.6 | 34.9 | 13.4:1 | |
| Sunflower[33] | 8.99 | 63.4 | 62.9 | 20.7 | 0.16 | 20.5 | 128:1 | 227 °C (440 °F)[14] | |
| Walnut oil[34] | unrefined | 9.1 | 22.8 | 22.2 | 63.3 | 10.4 | 52.9 | 5:1 | 160 °C (320 °F)[35] |
Hemp oil is a "drying oil", as it can polymerize into a solid form. Due to its polymer-forming properties, hemp oil is used on its own or blended with other oils, resins, and solvents as an impregnator andvarnish in wood finishing, as apigment binder inoil paints, and as a plasticizer and hardener inputty.
In December 2021,Berlin's public transport offered passengers edible hemp tickets.[36]
| General | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Usage |
| ||||||||
| Variants | |||||||||
| Effects | |||||||||
| Culture | |||||||||
| Organizations |
| ||||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||||
| Related | |||||||||
