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Help:IPA/Standard German

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Standard German on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Standard German in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Standard German

The charts below show the wayInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents StandardGerman language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeStandard German phonology andGerman orthography § Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

Consonants
GermanyDEUAustriaAUTSwitzerlandCHExamplesEnglish approximation
bbei;[1] ab (AT,CH)[2]ball
çich, durch;[3]China, Leipzig (DE)hue
ddann; Kleid (AT,CH)[2]done
ffür,von,Phänomenfuss
ɡgut; Tag, Leipzig (AT,CH)[2]guest
hhathut
jJahr,Yakyard
kkann,cremen, sechs, bequem; Tag (DE);[2]China (AT,CH)cold
lLebenlast
l̩Mantelbottle
mMannmust
m̩großemrhythm
nNamenot
n̩beidensudden
ŋlanglong
pPerson, ab (DE)[2]puck
pfPfeffercupful
ʁrreden[4]DE:Frenchrouge
AT,CH:Scottishred
slassen, groß, fließen, Festfast
ʃschon,Stadt,spitz,Champagner,Skishall
tTag, Stadt; Kleid (DE)[2]tall
tsZeit, Platz, Potsdam,Cellecats
tʃMatsch,Cellomatch
vwas, Quelle,Vase[1]vanish
xnach[3]Scottish loch
zszSie, diese[1]DE,CH:zebra
AT:soup
ʔbeamtet[bəˈʔamtət][5]uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
ðMotherboard[6]this
dʒDschungel, Pidgin[1][7]jungle
θThatcherismus[6]think
ɹSpray[8]rice
wWeb,Whiskey, Squash[9]web
ʒGenie, Entourage[1][7]pleasure
Stress
ˈBahnhofstraße
[ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]		battleship/ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ
Syllable break
.Ephraim
[ˈeːfra.ɪm]		flower/ˈflaʊ.ər/(contrasting with flour/ˈflaʊər/)
Vowels
GermanyDEUAustriaAUTSwitzerlandCHExamplesEnglish approximation
Monophthongs
aalles, Kalenderpasta
aːaber, sah, Staatfather
ɛEnde, hättebet
ɛːspät, wählen[10]RP hair
eːeben, gehen, SeeScottish mate
ɪistsit
iːLiebe, Berlin,ihmseed
oːoder, hohe, Bootstory
ɔkommenoff
øːÖsterreich, Möhre, adieusomewhat like heard
Ϛffnensomewhat like hurt;RPugh
ʊundpull
uːHut, Kuhtool
ʏmüssen,Ypsilonsomewhat like cute
yːüber, Mühe, psychischsomewhat like few
Diphthongs
aɪein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih, Speyerhigh
aʊaufvow
ɔʏEuro, Häuserchoice
Reduced vowels
ɐərimmer[4]DE,AT: frustration
CH:Scottish letter[11]
əɛNameDE: balance(but not sofa)[11]
AT,CH: bet[12]
Semivowels
ɐ̯rUhr[4]DE,AT: sofa
CH:Scottish far
i̯Studie, Italienyard
o̯Pointe[13]quite
u̯Linguist, Gouache[13]would
y̑Etui[13]somewhat like evaluation
Shortened vowels
eElement[14]roughly like dress
iItalien[14]seat
ooriginell[14]story,but short
øÖkonomie[14]roughly like hurt
uUniversität, Souvenir[14]cesspool
yPsychologie[14]like meet,but with the lips rounded
Non-native vowels
ãːGourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance[15]FrenchProvence
ɛ̃ːPointe[15]Frenchquinze
ɛɪMail[16]face
õːGarçon[15]FrenchLe Monde
ɔːstalken, Motherboard[17]dog
ɔʊCode[16]goal
œ̃ːParfum[15]Frenchemprunte
œːɐ̯øːrsurfen, Flirt[18]roughly likeRP bird
Shortened vowels (Non-native vowels)
ãengagieren[15]Frenchchanson
ɛ̃impair[15]Frenchvingt-et-un
õfoncé[15]FrenchMont Blanc
œ̃Lundist[15]Frenchvingt-et-un

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeIn Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German as well as in Southern Germany, the lenis obstruents/b,d,ɡ,z,ʒ/ are usually voiceless[b̥,d̥,ɡ̊,z̥,ʒ̊] (only/v/ is really voiced). There is no consensus about what distinguishes the voiceless lenis obstruents from the fortis obstruents/p,t,k,s,ʃ/. The distinction might include articulatory strength, duration, or fortis stop aspiration. Voiceless[z̥,ʒ̊] are difficult to distinguish from/s,ʃ/ for untrained ears, except in Switzerland where a distinction in articulatory strength and length is easier to perceive (seeAmmon et al. 2004, p. LVII). In Northern Germany Standard German, the lenis obstruents are often voiced[b,d,ɡ,z,ʒ] when surrounded by other voiced sounds or after a pause, whereas final fortis and lenis obstruents are merged infinal-obstruent devoicing.
  2. ^abcdefIn German Standard German, voiced stops/b,d,ɡ/ are devoiced to[p,t,k] at the end of a syllable.
  3. ^ab[ç] and[x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed/x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and/a,aː/ and it may instead be uvular[χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.
  4. ^abcPronunciation of/r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only[r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland,Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant[ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the/r/ in thesyllable coda is vocalized to[ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and/ər/ is pronounced as[ɐ]. Also, insouthern Germany,/ɐ/ is alternatively realized as[ə].
  5. ^The glottal stop occurs inGerman Standard German. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. Glottal stops are much rarer inAustrian orSwiss Standard German (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 236, 262).
  6. ^ab/ð/ and/θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of/d,z,v/ and/t,s,f/, respectively.
  7. ^abMany speakers lack the lenis/ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart/ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis/dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart/tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
  8. ^Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.
  9. ^Often replaced with/v/.
  10. ^Innorthern Germany,/ɛː/ often merges with/eː/ into[eː].
  11. ^abAs several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid[ə] and open[ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such asbalance,cannon andchairman and the latter variably insofa,China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also inago andagain, but one needs to remember that Standard German[ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as[ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed/ʌ/ in words such asfrustration andjusticiable is a perfect replacement for Standard German[ɐ]. Also, especially insouthern Germany,/ɐ/ often merges with/ə/ into[ə].
  12. ^In Austria and Switzerland, the most common realization of syllable-final/ə/ is[ɛ̝] (Krech et al. 2009, p. 246), here transcribed as[ɛ] for simplicity.
  13. ^abc/o̯,u̯,y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.
  14. ^abcdef[e,i,o,ø,u,y], the short versions of the long vowels[eː,iː,oː,øː,uː,yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. injedoch[jeˈdɔx],soeben[zoˈʔeːbn̩],vielleicht[fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short[e,i,o,ø,u,y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a[ʔ]) may be replaced with[ɛ,ɪ,ɔ,œ,ʊ,ʏ], e.g.[jɛˈdɔx],[fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).
  15. ^abcdefghThe nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long[ãː,ɛ̃ː,õː,œ̃ː] when stressed and short[ã,ɛ̃,õ,œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with[aŋ,ɛŋ,ɔŋ,œŋ] irrespective of length, and the[ŋ] in these sequences may optionally beassimilated to theplace of articulation of a following consonant, e.g.Ensemble[aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or[anˈsambl̩] for[ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).
  16. ^abThe diphthongs/ɛɪ,ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such asokay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to[eː,oː] (or[e,o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned wordokay can be pronounced as either[ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or[oˈkeː].
  17. ^The long vowel/ɔː/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short/ɔ/ or long/oː/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.
  18. ^[œːɐ̯] or[øːr] is the German rendering of the EnglishNURSE vowel/ɜːr/ and sometimes the French stressed[œʁ] (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142), when it is not realized as[øːɐ̯]/[øːr].

General and cited references

[edit]
  • Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; Ebner, Jakob; Esterhammer, Ruth; Gasser, Markus; Hofer, Lorenz; Kellermeier-Rehbein, Birte; Löffler, Heinrich; Mangott, Doris; Moser, Hans; Schläpfer, Robert; Schloßmacher, Michael; Schmidlin, Regula; Vallaster, Günter (2004),Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN 3-11-016575-9
  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992],Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press,ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009),Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Mangold, Max (2005),Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden,ISBN 978-3411040667
Comparisons
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