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This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Mandarin on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Mandarin in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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H:IPA-CMNH:IPA-CMN

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Mandarin

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsStandard Mandarin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see{{IPA}},Template:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeStandard Chinese phonology for more detail on the sounds of Mandarin Chinese.

Consonants
IPA	Pinyin	Wade–Giles	Bopomofo	Chinese example	English approximation
ɕ	x	hs	ㄒ	晓/曉/xiǎo^ⓘ	sheep,^[a] but morey-like (without lip rounding)
f	f		ㄈ	非/fēi^ⓘ	fan
j	y-/-i-		ㄧ	牙/yá^ⓘ	yes
k	g	k	ㄍ	干/gān^ⓘ	skin
kʰ	k	k'	ㄎ	口/kǒu^ⓘ	kin
l	l		ㄌ	来/來/lái^ⓘ	leaf
m	m		ㄇ	明/míng^ⓘ	moon
n	n		ㄋ，ㄣ，ㄢ	泥/ní^ⓘ	noon
ŋ	-ng		ㄥ，ㄤ	江/jiāng^ⓘ	song
p	b	p	ㄅ	帮/幫/bāng^ⓘ	span
pʰ	p	p'	ㄆ	滂/páng^ⓘ	pan
ʐ^[b]	r-	j	ㄖ	日/rì^ⓘ	pleasure, but withtongue curled or pulled back
s	s		ㄙ	私/sī^ⓘ	same
ʂ	sh		ㄕ	矢/shǐ^ⓘ	show, but without lip rounding and withtongue curled or pulled back
t	d	t	ㄉ	端/duān^ⓘ	stop
tʰ	t	t'	ㄊ	透/tòu^ⓘ	top
tɕ	j	ch	ㄐ	叫/jiào^ⓘ	cheap,^[a] but morey-like (without lip rounding)
tɕʰ	q	ch'	ㄑ	去/qù^ⓘ	Above, but with astrong burst of breath (aspiration)
ts	z	ts	ㄗ	子/zǐ^ⓘ	outset
tsʰ	c	ts'	ㄘ	此/cǐ^ⓘ	let's help
ʈʂ	zh	ch	ㄓ	之/zhī^ⓘ	Below, butunaspirated
ʈʂʰ	ch	ch'	ㄔ	吃/chī^ⓘ	cheer, but without lip rounding and withtongue curled or pulled back, with astrong burst of breath (aspiration)
w	w-/-u-		ㄨ	我/wǒ^ⓘ	water
x	h		ㄏ	火/huǒ^ⓘ	loch (Scottish English)
ɥ	yu-/-ü-^[c]	yü-/-ü-	ㄩ	月/yuè^ⓘ	betweenwet andyet

Vowels
IPA	Pinyin	Wade–Giles	Bopomofo	Chinese example	English approximation
a	a		ㄚ，ㄢ	阿，安	plastic (UK Received Pronunciation)
a	er	êrh	ㄦ	二，兒（儿）	plastic (UK Received Pronunciation)
ɑ	yang/-iang		ㄤ	亮	farther
ɛ	yan/-ian	yen/-ien	ㄧㄢ	言	set
ɛ	yuan/-üan		ㄩㄢ	元	set
e	ye/-ie, yue/-üe	eh	ㄝ	也，月	hey
ə	en,^[d]eng	ên,êng	ㄣ，ㄥ	本，冷	atop
ɚ	er	êrh	ㄦ	二，兒（儿）	furry^[e]
ɤ	e	ê / o^[f]	ㄜ	厄，餓	between bush and but
o	wo/-uo^[g]	o^[h]	ㄛ	果，我	story
i	yi/-i		ㄧ	李	city
ɻ̩	zhi, chi, shi, ri	ih	ㄭ^[i]	之，吃，師（师），日	Below, but withtongue curled or pulled back^[j]
ɹ̩	zi, ci, si	ŭ	ㄭ^[i]	子，次，私	roses, cousin
u	wu/-u		ㄨ	土	cool
ʊ	-ong	-ung	ㄨㄥ，ㄩㄥ	冬，用	book
y	yu/-ü^[c]	yü/-ü	ㄩ	雨	refute, beet, but with the lips rounded as for boot
Diphthongs
aɪ	ai		ㄞ	艾	time
aʊ	ao		ㄠ	凹	cow
eɪ	ei^[d]		ㄟ	杯	face
oʊ	ou^[d]		ㄡ	又，狗，歐（欧）	goal or go (modern UK), realized with or without backing

Tones
IPA	Pinyin	Wade–Giles	Bopomofo	Chinese example	Tone number	Description
á	ā	a¹	ㄚ	巴/bā^ⓘ	tone 1	high level[˥]
ǎ	á	a²	ㄚˊ	拔/拔/bá^ⓘ	tone 2	mid rising[˧˥]
à	ǎ	a³	ㄚˇ	把/bǎ^ⓘ	tone 3	medially, low[˩]; initially, mid falling[˧˩]; finally, low rising[˩˧]; in isolation, dipping[˧˩˧]
â	à	a⁴	ㄚˋ	爸/bà^ⓘ	tone 4	high falling[˥˩]
a	a	a⁰	˙ㄚ	吧/ba^ⓘ	tone 0 or 5 (toneless)	mid[˧] after all tones but 4, where it is low[˩]
Note: Pinyin uses three of the same diacritics as IPA but with different values.

Notes

[edit]

^^a ^b[ɕ,tɕ,tɕʰ] are always followed by[i][j],[y], or[ɥ].
^Also transcribed asɻ in some literature.
^^a ^bü (/y/) is spelledu after j, q, x in pinyin since/u/ cannot occur after them.
^^a ^b ^cIn Pinyin/Wade-Gileswei,you/yu,wen/wên are spelledui,iu,un respectively when they are preceded by a consonant. It doesn't affect the pronunciation.
^The rhotic vowel also appears inerhua.
^This sound is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.
^ This sound is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨b, p, m, f⟩ in Pinyin.
^ㄨㄛ is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.
^This symbol is rarely used and usually omitted during writing.
^Voiced continuants (also transcribed[ɨ,ɯ] or[ʐ̩,z̩]) reflecting the character of the preceding consonant^{[clarification needed]}

References

[edit]

Duanmu, San (2007).The Phonology of Standard Chinese (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003)."Standard Chinese (Beijing)"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.33 (1):109–112.doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007).The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

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Chinese Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Chinese Text to Pinyin and International Phonetic Transcription

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