Notes

1. ^^{abcdefghijklmnopqrst}Word-finally, the voiceless-voiced distinction in the obstruent pairs[p–b,t–d,k–ɡ,ts–dz,tʃ–dʒ,f–v,s–z,ɕ–ʑ,ʃ–ʒ,χ–ʁ] is neutralized, mostly in favor of the voiceless obstruents, but see the table titledSuprasegmentals (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68)).
2. ^^abcdefBoth[ɕ,ʑ] and[χ,ʁ] are allophones of/χ,ʁ/.[χ,ʁ] occur after back vowels, and[ɕ,ʑ] occur in all other environments, but the voiced[ʑ] occurs only in a few words. Speakers increasingly merge[ɕ,ʑ] and[ʃ,ʒ] (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68–69)).
3. ^The alveolo-palatal fricative[ʑ] is weakened to an approximant[j] when both unstressed and intervocalic between[ə,i̯ə,u̯ə] and[ə,ɐ]. The approximant realization is not subjected to merging with/ʒ/.
4. ^The/ʀ/ phoneme is realized as a trill[ʀ] when it is prevocalic within the same word and, in French loanwords, often also in contexts in which it is vocalized in native words (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68, 71)).
5. ^^abcdefgWhen it is non-prevocalic within the same word, the/ʀ/ phoneme has many allophones:
   • after short close and mid vowels and all open vowels, the non-prevocalic/ʀ/ is realized as a fricative, either voiced[ʁ] or voiceless[χ], depending on whether the following consonant is voiced or voiceless;
   • after long close and mid vowels, non-prevocalic/ʀ/ is vocalized to[ɐ̯], creating the centering diphthongs[ɛːɐ̯,iːɐ̯,oːɐ̯,uːɐ̯] and, in loanwords from Standard German, also[øːɐ̯,yːɐ̯]. After/aː/,/r/ is inconsistently dropped, so thatPaart,Taart andwaarm sometimes have no trace of/r/:[paːt],[taːt] and[vaːm]. In this guide however,/r/ is transcribed as a fricative[ʁ] or[χ] (depending on the voicing of the following consonant) in that position:[paːχt],[taːχt] and[vaːʁm], as these variants are typical of careful speech;
   • the unstressed, non-prevocalic orthographic sequence⟨er⟩ corresponds to the marginal phoneme/ɐ/, although this can also be analysed as simple a sequence of/e/ and/ʀ/ (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68, 70–71)).
6. ^Apart from being the main realisation of phonemes/b,d,dz,ɡ,v,z,ʒ,dʒ/,[b,d,dz,ɡ,v,z,ʒ,dʒ] occur as word-final allophones of both/p,t,ts,k,f,s,ʃ,tʃ/ and/b,d,dz,ɡ,v,z,ʒ,dʒ/ (in this position, some scholars may analyse both of the sets as/p,t,ts,k,f,s,ʃ,tʃ/) if the next word begins with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause.[ʁ,ʑ,bv] also occur as allophones of/χ,χ,pf/ in the same environment, but[bv] does not occur in other circumstances. In this context, the final voiceless obstruents are not only voiced but also resyllabified, or moved to the onset of the first syllable of the following word. Therefore, a somewhat more phonetically-accurate transcription ofsech eens would be[zəˈʑeːns] (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:68, 72)), but it is transcribed[zəʑˈeːns] instead so that it corresponds more closely to the spelling.
7. ^Phonemic/dz/ occurs only in a few words (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:72))
8. ^[w] is an allophone of/v/ occurring after/k,ʃ,ts/ (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:69)). It also occurs in loanwords as a marginal phoneme.
9. ^^abcIn native words,[ə] and[e] can be analyzed as allophones of a single phoneme/e/.[e] appears before velar consonants and[ə] elsewhere. Unlike in Standard German,[ə] appears in both stressed and unstressed syllables, and unstressed sequences of[ə] and a sonorant do not form syllabic sonorants (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70–71)). In loanwords from French and German,[ə] can appear before velar consonants, in which case it can be analyzed as a marginal phoneme/œ/. This/œ/ is not phonetically distinct from the ordinary[ə], as the two sounds are perceived to be the same by native speakers of Luxembourgish. The long counterpart of this sound is transcribed with ⟨œː⟩, which also does not imply a difference in quality in comparison with[ə]. In addition,[e] can appear in positions other than before a velar in loanwords from French.
10. ^In native words,[ɛː] appears only as an allophone/eː/ before/ʀ/ (Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)).
11. ^^abcdThe contrast between[i̯əu̯ə] and[iːɐ̯uːɐ̯] is unstable and the former set appears in some words that have⟨r⟩ in spelling.

Bibliography

• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013)."Luxembourgish"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (1):67–74.doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.

See also