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Help:IPA/Dutch

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<Help:IPA
This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Dutch on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Dutch in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Dutch

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsDutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeDutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

Most audios are from three different speakers :NL1ⓘ has aRandstadian accent (Utrecht, Netherlands) ,NL2ⓘ speaks in a fairly conservative standard accent (Zwaag, Netherlands) andBE1ⓘ is from theBrabantine region (Antwerp, Belgium).

Consonants
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
bbitⓘ,opdoenⓘbit
ddikⓘ,doodbidderⓘduck
ffitⓘ,[a]hoofdvakⓘfit
ɣgitⓘ,gaanⓘ[a]betweenagain (but
without touching the roof
of the mouth) andhue
ɦhitⓘ,[a]gehooptⓘbehind
jjasⓘyes
kkitⓘ,ticⓘskit
llidⓘ,schilⓘlit,filling (distinctly pronounced)
mmistⓘ,kwamⓘ[b]mist,qualm
nnestⓘ,manⓘ[b]nest,gone
ŋlangⓘ,dankⓘ[b]long,bang
ppitⓘ,hebⓘ[c]spit
rritⓘ,verⓘ[d]

guttural R

ribⓘ,grasⓘ[d]

"American"atom

ssokⓘ,[a]hoofdzaakⓘbetweensoup andshoo
(retracted) (N),sip (B)
ttipⓘ,lidⓘ[c]stip
vvitⓘ,[a]hoofdenⓘvid
ʋwitⓘ,tweeⓘ[e]likelooservery (N),
very without the tongue (B)
xachtⓘ,[a]wigⓘ[c]SEloch, almost "strong"kit
zzeepⓘ,[a]hoosdenⓘbetweenzoop andjupe
(retracted) (N),zip (B)
Marginal consonants
dʑGiovanniⓘ,jungleⓘ[a][f]jeep,squidgy
ɡgoalⓘ[g]goal
ɱomvallenⓘ[b]symphony
ɲoranjeⓘ,Trijntjeⓘ[f][b]somewhat likecanyon
ɕsjabloonⓘ,chefⓘ[f]sheep,squishy
tɕtjaⓘ,tandjeⓘ,
Tsjechiëⓘ,checkⓘ[f]		cheap,itchy
ʑjuryⓘ[a][f]gite,vision
ʔbeëindigⓘ[bəˈʔɛindəx],
Trijntje Oosterhuis
[-əˈʔoː-][h]		catch inuh-oh!
Stress
ˈvóórkomenⓘas incommandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
ˌvoorkómenⓘ
Other representations
()maken[ˈmaːkə(n)]
zelf[zɛl(ə)f]		Optional sound[i]
Vowels
IPAExamplesEnglish approximation
Checked vowels[j]
ɑbadⓘ,[k]bakkenⓘBart
ɛlesⓘ,bedⓘ,bekkenⓘbet,bed
ɪbitⓘ,bikkenⓘbit,bid
ɔbotⓘ,bokkenⓘblock
ʏbukⓘ,bukkenⓘSSBshould, orshirt
Free vowels anddiphthongs[j]
aːbaatⓘ,
jaⓘ,batenⓘ		"Brit"bad
ɑiaiⓘI,price
aːisaaisⓘsize,prize
eːbeetⓘ,zeeⓘ,[l]
beterⓘ[l]		GenAmbay (N)
SEbay or "flat"Tuesday (B)
ɛibijtⓘ,eiⓘ"Brit"bait
œybuitⓘ,buiⓘ"Canadian"out
eːueeuwⓘjaywalk
ədeⓘ,beginnenⓘabove
ibietⓘ,drieⓘbeet ~bid
iunieuwⓘew!
oːbootⓘ,
zoⓘ,[l]groteⓘ[l]		bowl (N)
story (B)
øːbeuⓘ,[l]neusⓘ"Aussie"nerd, orjury
ɔihoiⓘhoi,choice
oːinooitⓘnoise
ʌubouwtⓘ,oudⓘ,
nauwⓘ		out,Mao (N)
no (B)
uboetⓘ,toeⓘBoole
uigroeiⓘbooyah,Gruyère
yfuutⓘ,qⓘSEfood
yuduwⓘfew ~fuel
Marginal vowels
ɑːcastⓘ[m]father
ɑ̃ːgenreⓘ[m]croissant
ɛːscèneⓘ[n]BrEfaring,FRpère
ɛ̃ːhautainⓘ[m]doyen
iːanalyseⓘ,[o]
bierⓘ		BrEfearing,FRpire
ɔːrozeⓘ[m][p]cog,FRpore
ɔ̃ːchansonⓘ[m]montage
œːfreuleⓘ[m]furry,FRpeur
uːcruiseⓘ,[o]
boerⓘ		fool,FRpour
yːcentrifugeⓘ,[o]
buurⓘ		furious,FRpure

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghiGenerally, the southern varieties preserve the/f/–/v/,/x/–/ɣ/ and/s/–/z/ contrasts.[1][2] Southern/x/,/ɣ/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal ([ˈneː.ʝ̠ə]ⓘ).[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge/x/ and/ɣ/ into a post-velar[x̠] ([ɑx̠]ⓘ) or uvular[χ] ([ɑχt]ⓘ);[1][2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent/f/–/v/ contrast.[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam,/s/ and/z/ are also not distinguished.[2]/zj/[ʑ] and/dj/[dʑ] often join this neutralization by merging with/sj/[ɕ],/tj/[tɕ].[3] In some accents,/ɦ/ is also devoiced to[h]. See alsoHard and soft G in Dutch.
  2. ^abcde/n/assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant: beforebilabials, it is[m] (merging with/m/), beforelabiodentals, it is[ɱ] (also merging with/m/, which is labiodental in this position), beforepalatals, it is[ɲ] (merging with/nj/), whereas beforevelars, it is[ŋ] (merging with/ŋ/). In phrases,/n/ alone is affected, as inin Parijs[ɪmpaːˈrɛis] 'in Paris', whereas/m/ stays bilabial even before labiodentals.[4][5]
  3. ^abcDutchdevoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final/d/ becomes[t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in pluralhuizen ('houses') becomeshuis ('house') in singular, andduiven ('doves') becomesduif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in pluralbaarden[ˈbaːrdə(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spellingbaard ('beard'), but pronounced as/baːrt/; and pluralribben/ˈrɪbə(n)/ ('ribs') has singularrib, pronounced as[rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g.het vee ('the cattle') is[ɦətˈfeː]
  4. ^abThe realization of the/r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch,/r/ is realized as coronal rhotics [r~ɾ~r̝̊] or various post-velar continuants regrouped under theuvular trill[ʀ]. In the syllable coda, avelar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] is very common in the Netherlands,[6] e.g.Nederlanders ('Dutchmen')[ˈneɪ.dəɹ̈ˌlɑn.dəɹθ̠]ⓘ.
  5. ^The realization of the/ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In the north of the Netherlands, it is alabiodental approximant[ʋ], or even avoiced labiodental fricative[v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as abilabial approximant[β̞], and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses thelabiovelar approximant[w].[7][8]
  6. ^abcdeThe alveolo-palatal affricates[tɕ] and[dʑ], the fricatives[ɕ] and[ʑ], and thenasal[ɲ] are allophones of the sequences/tj/,/dj/,/sj/,/zj/ and/nj/.[ɲ] also occurs as an allophone of/n/ before/tj/ (realized as[tɕ]).[9][dʑ] and[ʑ] occur only in loanwords.[3]
  7. ^/ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords where it can be replaced with/k,ɣ/, likegoal. It also appears with the assimilation of/k/,[10] like indikbekfuut[ˈdɪɡˌbɛkˌfyt]ⓘ.
  8. ^Theglottal stop[ʔ] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between[aː] and[ə] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries.[11] Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels or before any word-initial vowel.[12] This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
  9. ^After the schwa, the final/n/ is frequently elided, so thatmaken is often pronounced[ˈmaːkə], especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking/n/. An intrusive/n/ may also occur, as in the phrasered je 't?[ˈrɛtɕənət]. In stems ending in/ən/ (such asteken[ˈteːkən] 'I draw') and in the indefinite articleeen/ən/ the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional/ən/ is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as intekenen[ˈteːkənə(n)] 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between/l/ or/r/ and/m,p,k,f,x/ (in the case of/r/ alone also/n/) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence/rɣ/, so thatmorgen 'morning', pronounced[ˈmɔrɣə(n)] in Standard Dutch, is pronounced[ˈmɔrəɣə(n)].[13]
  10. ^abThe "checked" vowels/ɑ/,/ɛ/,/ɪ/,/ɔ/, and/ʏ/ occur only in historicallyclosed syllables, while their "free" counterparts/aː/,/eː/,/i/,/oː/, and/y/, as well as the other vowels, can occur in both open and closed syllables.
  11. ^Brabantian which distinguishes non-mid vowels primarly by length,[citation needed] has a central[ä] where standard has a rather back one.[14][15]
  12. ^abcdeFor most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels/eː/,/øː/ and/oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs[eɪ]ⓘ,[øʏ]ⓘ and[oʊ]ⓘ, unless they precede/r/ within the same syllable.[14][16] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one ofBruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. SeeDutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
  13. ^abcdefFound in loanwords.[17]
  14. ^Mainly found in loanwords.[18] With the notable exeption ofblèren.
  15. ^abcFound in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before/r/ in both native and non-native words,[19] just as other free vowels. Compare auditivelyschaarⓘ'shear(s)', withschaatsⓘ'skate'
  16. ^In Belgium,/ɔː/ tends to be pronounced the same as/oː/.[20]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abGussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
  2. ^abcdeCollins & Mees (2003), p. 48.
  3. ^abCollins & Mees 2003, p. 202.
  4. ^Booij (1999), pp. 64–5.
  5. ^Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 214–5.
  6. ^Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 199–200.
  7. ^Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 198–9.
  8. ^Booij (1999), p. 8.
  9. ^Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 191, 193, 196.
  10. ^Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 193, 201–2.
  11. ^Gussenhoven 1999, p. 75.
  12. ^Collins & Mees 2003, p. 194.
  13. ^Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 201, 216–7.
  14. ^abGussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
  15. ^Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 128, 132–3.
  16. ^Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–4.
  17. ^Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127, 138.
  18. ^Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127.
  19. ^Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127, 132.
  20. ^Collins & Mees 2003, p. 138.

Sources

[edit]
  • Booij, Geert (1999).The Phonology of Dutch. Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-823869-X.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003),The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition,ISBN 9004103406
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999),"Dutch",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,ISBN 0-521-65236-7

External links

[edit]
Comparisons
Introductory guides
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