 | This help page is ahow-to guide. It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one ofWikipedia's policies or guidelines, and may reflect varying levels ofconsensus. |
 | This page in a nutshell: This is an introductory how-to for Wikipedia's most frequently used citation style. It does not cover every option of every citation template. See individual templates' documentation (e.g. atTemplate:Cite journal) for details beyond this basic cheatsheet. |
 | This help page hastestcases demonstrating various uses. |
| {{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints |
|---|---|
| {{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual media |
| {{Cite AV media notes}} | AV media liner notes |
| {{Cite bioRxiv}} | bioRxiv preprints |
| {{Cite book}} | books and chapters |
| {{Cite CiteSeerX}} | CiteSeerX papers |
| {{Cite conference}} | conference papers |
| {{Cite document}} | short, stand-alone, offline documents |
| {{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections |
| {{Cite episode}} | radio or TV episodes |
| {{Cite interview}} | interviews |
| {{Cite journal}} | academic journals |
| {{Cite magazine}} | magazines, periodicals |
| {{Cite mailing list}} | public mailing lists |
| {{Cite map}} | maps |
| {{Cite medRxiv}} | medRxiv preprints |
| {{Cite news}} | news articles |
| {{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups |
| {{Cite podcast}} | podcasts |
| {{Cite press release}} | press releases |
| {{Cite report}} | reports |
| {{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials |
| {{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques |
| {{Cite speech}} | speeches |
| {{Cite SSRN}} | SSRN papers |
| {{Cite tech report}} | technical reports |
| {{Cite thesis}} | theses |
| {{Cite web}} | web sources not covered by the above |
| See also | Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates |
Citation Style 1 (CS1) is a collection ofreference citationtemplates that can be modified to create different styles for different referenced materials. Its purpose is to provide a set of default formats for references on Wikipedia. It includes a series of templates that in turn useModule:Citation/CS1.
The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory, perWP:CITESTYLE. Articles already using a consistent style should not be changed without consensus on the talk page, perWP:CITEVAR.
CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's ownManual of Style) elements ofThe Chicago Manual of Style and thePublication Manual of the American Psychological Association, with significant adaptations.
There are a number of templates that use a name starting withcite; many were developed independently of CS1 and are not compliant with the CS1 style. There are also a number of templates that use one of the general use templates as a meta-template to cite a specific source.
To be compliant with CS1, a template must:
CS1 templates present a citation generally as:
(where "n.d." could also be any other valid date formatted per the MOS)
You can add authors to a citation by placing their first and last name into the template's parameters. To add a single author, use|last= and|first=. If a cited source has multiple authors, use|last2= and|first2=,|last3= and|first3=, etc.[1] For symmetry with the other numbered parameters,|last1= and|first1= are available as well, as shown in the following example:
{{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}In situations where "first" and "last" do not fit the authorship of the source you can use|author= and|authorn=.[2] An editor may be cited using separate parameters for the editor's last and first name. A single or first editor would use|editor-last= and|editor-first=; subsequent editors would use|editor2-last= and|editor2-first=,|editor3-last= and|editor3-first=, etc.[1] Similar to the|author= parameter, you can cite editors using|editor= and|editorn=. Both author and editor parameters can be used in a citation to a source that has multiple sections by different authors.
By default, the templates will use the author parameters to create link anchors forshortened footnotes. If an author parameter is not used, the template will render the editor in the author location and use the editors forshortened footnotes. If neither author nor editor parameters are used, the template will not automatically create an anchor for shortened footnotes.
If the cited source does not credit an author, as is common with newswire reports, press releases or company websites use:|author=<!--Not stated-->[3]
Citation Source | CS1 markup | CS1 output | Short citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Author and editor, using last names | {{cite book|title=Title|chapter=Chapter|last=Last|first=First|editor-first=Editor-First|editor-last=Editor‐Last|date=1999}} | Last, First (1999). "Chapter". In Editor‐Last, Editor-First (ed.).Title. | Last 1999 |
| Author and editor | {{cite book|title=Title|chapter=Chapter|author=Author|editor=Editor|date=1999}} | Author (1999). "Chapter". In Editor (ed.).Title. | Author 1999 |
| Author only | {{cite book|title=Title|author=Author|date=1998}} | Author (1998).Title. | Author 1998 |
| Editor but no author | {{cite book|title=Title|editor=Editor|date=1999}} | Editor, ed. (1999).Title. | Editor 1999 |
| Neither | {{cite book|title=Title|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1999|ref={{sfnref|''Title''|1999}}}} | Title. 1999. | Title 1999 |
The year or the full date can be placed in the|date= parameter. Available formats are shown in the "Acceptable date formats" table of theManual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates, months and years. For an approximate year, precede with "c.", like this:|date=c. 1900. When a source does not have a publication date, use|date=n.d.. In the case where the same author has written more than one work in the same year, a lower-case letter may be appended to the year in the date parameter (|date=July 4, 1997b) or the year parameter (|year=1997b).
Citation Style 1 and2 templates automatically render dates in the style specified by the article's{{use dmy dates}} or{{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.
Citation Style 1 and2 templates automatically render dates (|date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) in the style specified by the article's{{use dmy dates}} or{{use mdy dates}} template. Editors may also choose how CS1/CS2 templates render dates by the use of|cs1-dates=<keyword> in the article's{{use xxx dates}} template.
| Keyword | Definition |
|---|---|
l | long-form publication and access- / archive-dates; this is the default case when |cs1-dates= is omitted or empty |
ll | |
ls | long-form publication dates; abbreviated access- / archive-dates |
ly | long-form publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd) |
s | abbreviated publication and access- / archive-dates |
ss | |
sy | abbreviated publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd) |
y | year-initial numeric publication, access- and archive-dates (ymd); cs1|2 cannot reformat Month YYYY, Season YYYY, date-ranges of any form, orJulian calendar dates into ymd format |
yy |
Example: to have the CS1/CS2 templates in an article render their publication dates in the long form (fully spelled-out month names) with access-/archive-dates rendered in short form (abbreviated month names), write:
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2025|cs1-dates=ls}}This documentation page has{{use dmy dates|date=July 2025|cs1-dates=y}} at the top of this section so this cs1 template will render with ymd dates:
{{cite web |title=Example Webpage |date=31 October 2017 |website=Example |url=https://example.com/ |access-date=Dec 5, 2017}}This global setting may be overridden in individual CS1/CS2 templates by use of|df=; abbreviated date forms are not supported by|df=.
Nota bene: CS1/CS2 auto-date formatting does not apply when previewing an article section that does not contain a{{use xxx dates}} template.
{{cite press release}} and cited articles in{{cite news}},{{cite journal}},{{cite magazine}},{{cite web}},{{cite conference}}, and{{cite podcast}}, where the title is shown in quotation marks. For templates like these that show the title in quotation marks, any double quotation marks inside the title should beconverted to single quotation marks. Use title case (as defined byMOS:TITLECAPS) unless the cited source covers a scientific, legal or other technical topic and sentence case is the predominant style in journals on that topic. Use either title case or sentence case consistently throughout the article. Do not omit a leading "The" from the title. Subtitles are typically separated from titles with ": " though " – " is also used.As with trademarks, Wikipediadoes not attempt to emulate any stylistic flourishes used by the cited source's publisher, such as ALL-CAPS, all-lower-case,Small Caps, etc.; use either standard title case or sentence case consistently. If the cited source is itself notable and has a Wikipedia article, the title can be wikilinked. Wikilinking the title will make it impossible to use the "url" parameter to link to an external copy of the cited source, so only do this when citing works that do not need to be externally linked. A link to the actual source is preferred to a link to a Wikipedia article about the source.|script-title=ar:العربية. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.|url= if used.|at=Featured News|script-chapter=ar:العربية. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.Titles containing certain characters will both display and link incorrectly unless those characters are replaced or encoded like this:
| Character | Must be replaced with |
|---|---|
| newline | space |
| [ | [ |
| ] | ] |
| | | | |
Language codes known to cs1|2 for languages that do not use a Latin script are:
|language=ru;|lang=fr, pt-br;|lang=Russian;|language=French, Portuguese.See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory ofCategory:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g.espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases:lang<title> of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus|work=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]], notSalon.com). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".|chapter=|title=|volume=|series= in{{Cite book}}. If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book, or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the</ref> that closes the citation.|work=[[Amazon.com]]|publisher=Amazon Inc.|newspaper=The Aberdeen Times|publisher=The Aberdeen Times|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=The New York Times Company|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|publisher=[[Nature Research]]|publisher= in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (trywhois for websites, andWorldCat for books, etc.) fails, use|publisher=<!--Unspecified by source.--> to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.|publication-place=): Geographical place of publication (not where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usuallyCity, Country, orCity, US State. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles aboutCanadian topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know whereMumbai is, especially if they are old enough that it was calledBombay for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when aCity, Country would be ambiguous, e.g.|location=Hanley, Staffordshire, UK, versus|location=Hanley, Worcestershire, UK. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), perMOS:POSTABBR. The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g.The Sydney Morning Herald. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper formerly known as and sometimes still called theSan Jose Mercury News is actuallyThe Mercury News and can be entered with|newspaper=The Mercury News|location=San Jose, Calif., which yields:The Mercury News. San Jose, Calif. A similar example isThe Times of London (contrastThe New York Times). PerWP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT, provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use|location=London, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g.,|location=New York / London. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.:|location=Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los Angeles|publisher=[[Council of Science Editors]] / [[Loyola Marymount University]] Press; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates donot have separate|location1=,|publisher1=, etc., parameters. For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse theprinter (printing press owner-operator) with thepublisher (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |via=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=18 July 2025}}| Template | |volume= | |issue= | |page(s)= | |quote-page(s)= |
|---|---|---|---|---|
{{citation}} | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite arXiv}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite AV media}} | Yes | No | No | No |
{{cite AV media notes}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite bioRxiv}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite book}} | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite citeseerx}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite encyclopedia}} | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite episode}} | No | Yes | No | No |
{{cite interview}} | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite journal}} | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite magazine}} | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite mailing list}} | No | No | No | No |
| Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite news}} | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
{{cite newsgroup}} | No | No | No | No |
{{cite podcast}} | No | No | No | No |
{{cite press release}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite report}} | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite serial}} | No | No | No | No |
{{cite sign}} | No | No | No | No |
{{cite speech}} | No | No | No | No |
{{cite ssrn}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite tech report}} | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite thesis}} | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
{{cite web}} | No | No | Yes | Yes |
An editor may use anyone of the following parameters in a given citation to refer to the specific page(s) or place in a cited source that contains the information that supports the article text. If more than one of the following parameters are used in the same citation, the error messageExtra|pages= or|at= (help) will display in the published citation. When more than one of the following parameters is used in error,|page= overrides both|pages= and|at=;|pages= overrides|at=. To resolve the error, remove extra parameters of this type until only one remains in the affected citation.
|page=52.|page=12{{hyphen}}34. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to|pages=12{{endash}}34 by mistake.|pages=236–239. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example|pages=157, 159. The form|pages=461, 466–467 is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number inaccept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g.|pages=((1,234{{endash}}1,235)). For multiple hyphenated pages, use theaccept-this-as-written markup to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g.|pages=((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4)).|at= parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include|at=Column 2 or|at=Paragraph 5 or|at=Back cover or|at=Act III, Scene 2.|quote=. Use either|quote-page= or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages= or|at=. Displays preceded byp. unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use{{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.|quote=. Use either|quote-page= or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages= or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp. unless|no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, usedouble parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages= without processing it, and use{{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use a short citation{{sfn}}, or{{rp}} to provide linked page number citations.
|edition=Revised third displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition.|series= should be limited toOriginal/New Series,First/Second/Third/... Series, or similar.[Note 2]|volume=I–IV. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example|volume=I, III. The form|volume=I, III–V is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number inaccept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''. Please choose either|issue= or|number= depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example|issue=2 #143. Separate ranges with anen dash: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number inaccept-this-as-written markup to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.|url-access= parameter, seeRegistration or subscription required. Other notes about reprintings, etc., should be placed after the template, and before</ref>.When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF'extension, it renders the external link with aPDF icon in place of the usualexternal-link icon. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set|format=PDF, though doing so causes no harm. The|format=PDF parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not, so removing|format=PDF here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias.
Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources.
Do not link to:
Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link forMonty Python and Philosophy would look like:
But can be trimmed to:
or:
or:
A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 172 ofMonty Python and Philosophy on Google Books:
like so:
|page=[https://books.google.com/?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&pg=PA172 172]URLs must begin with a supportedURI scheme.http:// andhttps:// will be supported by all browsers; however,ftp://,gopher://,irc://,ircs://,mailto: andnews: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs incitation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to bepercent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by%20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| Character | space | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and|archive-url= is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive.|archive-date= must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When|archive-url= is used,|url= and|archive-date= are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end:Monty Python and Philosophy. Archived fromthe original on 2013-05-01.
|url-status=live:When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting|url-status=unfit or|url-status=usurped suppresses display of the original URL (but|url= and|archive-url= are still required). When the original URL is still 'live' but no longer supports the text in an article, set|url-status=deviated. For further documentation of|url-status=, seeTemplate:Cite web § csdoc urlstatus.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g.|rfc=822 or|pmc=345678.
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases:eprint.|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases:ASIN.ae,au,br,ca,cn,de,es,fr,in,it,jp,mx,nl,pl,sa,se,sg,tr,uk. Aliases: none.1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.10.1101/078733 forhttp://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 orhttps://doi.org/10.1101/078733;10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 forhttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none.10.1.1.176.341 forhttps://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none.10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases:DOI.|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases:EISSN.|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases:HDL.978-0-8126-9593-9.(SeeWikipedia:ISBN andISBN § Overview.) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, usesbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN withoutany additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases:ISBN.|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.979-0-9016791-7-7.Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN withoutany additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases:ISMN.|issn=2049-3630. Aliases:ISSN.|jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases:JFM.|jstor=3793107. Aliases:JSTOR.|lccn=79-57364 or|lccn=2004042477 or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases:LCCN.|mr=630583. Aliases:MR.|oclc=9355469. Aliases:OCLC.|ol=7030731M. Aliases:OL.|osti=4367507. Aliases:OSTI.|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value.See also thepmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases:PMC.|pmid=17322060See also thepmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases:PMID.|rfc=3143. Aliases:RFC.|sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases:SBN.|ssrn=1900856. Aliases:SSRN.|s2cid=37220927. Aliases:S2CID.|zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results likeJFM 35.0387.02 use|jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases:ZBL.In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=,|eissn=,|isbn=,|issn=, and|sbn=) support a specialaccept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as|<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify theaccess status using the corresponding|<param>-access= parameter.
For{{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when|url= and|title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for|title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or|title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a linkidentical to a link also produced by an identifier. The|url= parameter (or|title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or aconvenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
A custom identifier can be specified through
|id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={{NCJ|122967}} to appendNCJ 122967 instead.Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented inVerifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant toverifying claims in articles.
Four access levels can be used:
free: the source is free to read for anyone
registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registrationlimited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required
subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Online sources linked by|url=,|article-url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|entry-url=,|map-url=, and|section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked asfree. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add|archive-url= and|archive-date= values if possible.
| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|url= | |url-access= | registrationlimitedsubscription |
|article-url= | |article-url-access= | |
|chapter-url= | |chapter-url-access= | |
|contribution-url= | |contribution-url-access= | |
|entry-url= | |entry-url-access= | |
|map-url= | |map-url-access= | |
|section-url= | |section-url-access= |
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
{{cite web|url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php|url-access=registration|date=2021-04-15|title=Nifty example data}}
which renders as:
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked aslimited,registration, orsubscription.
| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|bibcode= | |bibcode-access= | free |
|doi= | |doi-access= | |
|hdl= | |hdl-access= | |
|jstor= | |jstor-access= | |
|ol= | |ol-access= | |
|osti= | |osti-access= | |
|ssrn= | |ssrn-access= | |
|s2cid= | |s2cid-access= |
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|medrxiv=|pmc=|rfc=For embargoedpmc that will become available in the future, seepmc-embargo-date.
10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list underlocal function build_free_doi_registrants_table(). If|doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page inCategory:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI, which is routinely cleared byUser:Citation bot.10.xxxx/yyyy.... DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added toModule:Citation/CS1/Configuration underlocal extended_registrants_t = { with the format['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},.... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...The module creates HTML IDs by default suitable for use withshortened footnotes using theHarv- and sfn-family templates. These styles use in-text cites with a link that will jump to the ID created by the CS1 template. The ID is created from up to four author last names and the year, of the formatCITEREFlastname(s)year.
|ref=ID: Creates a custom ID equivalent to the valueID. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The{{harvid}} template may be used here to create an ID for the Harv- and sfn-family templates.
| Kind | Wikitext | ID created | Targetable by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Default, one name | {{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}} | CITEREFHardcastle2006 | {{harv|Hardcastle|2006|pp=12-34}} |
| Default, two names | {{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |first2=George A. |last2=Reisch |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}} | CITEREFHardcastleReisch2006 | {{harv|Hardcastle|Reisch|2006|pp=12-34}} |
|ref= using{{harvid}} | |ref={{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}} | CITEREFMonty_Python_and_Philosophy2006 | {{harv|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006|pp=12-34}} |
These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles.
|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation usepostscript.{{reflist}},<references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specificname.|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).|display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none..); for no terminating punctuation, specify|postscript=none – leaving|postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.|postscript= is ignored ifquote is defined.et al. is the abbreviation of the Latinet alii ('and others'). It is used to complete a list of authors of a published work, where the complete list is considered overly long. The abbreviation is widely used in English, thus it is not italicized perMOS:FOREIGN.
There are occasions whereModule:Citation/CS1 emits error or maintenance messages because of, or makes changes to, the values assigned to a select set of parameters. Special markup can be used to enforce that a value will nonetheless be accepted as written. The markup for this is((value)), i.e., wrap the entire parameter value in two sets of parentheses. Parameters that support this markup are:
| Parameter | Notes |
|---|---|
|authorn= | The variousname parameters (including their enumerated variants) are checked for extra comma and semicolon separator characters, which may indicate that the parameter is holding more than one name. If so, the list of names should be split up over multiplen-enumerated parameters. Corporate names, however, are sometimes comma-separated lists of names as well and so are erroneously flagged as a multiple-name error; markup can be used to indicate this. Legitimate names may be caught by thegeneric-name test. This markup can prevent legitimate names from being flagged as generic. |
|contributorn= | |
|editorn= | |
|interviewern= | |
|subjectn= | |
|translatorn= | |
|doi= | Identifiers are checked for validity to the extent possible. In rare cases, identifiers actually used in published works deviate from the checked standard format but are nonetheless valid. If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier instead of overriding the error message. |
|eissn= | |
|isbn= | |
|issn= | |
|sbn= | |
|issue= | Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of issues, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in issue ranges, etc. A hyphenated issue number and an issue range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more issues. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries. |
|number= | |
|volume= | Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of volumes, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in volume ranges, etc. A hyphenated volume and a volume range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit volume with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more volumes. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries. |
|pages= | Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of pages, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in page ranges, etc. A hyphenated page number and a page range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more pages. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries; does not apply to|page=,|p=, or|quote-page=. (This special markup is also supported by the plural page parameters|pages=,|pp= and|quote-pages= (as well as other aliases) of the{{r}},{{rp}} and{{ran}} citation templates. The family of{{sfn}}- and{{harv}}-style templates supports it as well in conjunction with|pages= and|pp=.) |
|pp= | |
|quote-pages= | |
|title= | Trailing dots (periods) are normally removed from the value assigned to|title= as being redundant. There are cases where trailing dots are not redundant but are part of the title proper so should be retained. The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (none, etc.) taking precedence over free text input to specify a title; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual title text, markup can be used to indicate this. |
|title-link= | The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (none,doi,pmc) taking precedence over free text input to specify a link target; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual link target, markup can be used to indicate this. |
|vauthors= | Markup to suppress error messages and automatic Vancouver reformatting of allowed corporate names. |
|veditors= |
When viewing the page, CS1 templates render the URL to the title to create a link; when printing, the URL is printed.External link icons are not printed.
Not all factually accurate pieces of information about a source are used in a Citation Style 1 citation. Examples of information not included:
to autofill the template's parameters.[Note 4]| Template | Use | RefToolbar | ProveIt | Citation expander |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints | |||
| {{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual sources | supported | ||
| {{Cite AV media notes}} | liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media | |||
| {{Cite book}} | books | supported | supported | supported |
| {{Cite conference}} | conference papers | supported | ||
| {{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections | supported | ||
| {{Cite episode}} | television or radio programs and episodes | supported | ||
| {{Cite interview}} | interviews | |||
| {{Cite journal}} | academic and scientific papers published in journals | supported | supported | supported |
| {{Cite magazine}} | magazines and newsletters | supported | ||
| {{Cite mailing list}} | archived public mailing lists | |||
| {{Cite map}} | maps | |||
| {{Cite news}} | news articles in print, video, audio or web | supported | supported | Partially supported[Note 6] |
| {{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups | |||
| {{Cite podcast}} | audio or videopodcast | |||
| {{Cite press release}} | press releases | supported | ||
| {{Cite report}} | reports by government departments, instrumentalities, operated companies, etc. | supported | ||
| {{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials | |||
| {{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques and other visual sources | supported | ||
| {{Cite speech}} | speeches | |||
| {{Cite tech report}} | technical reports | |||
| {{Cite thesis}} | theses | supported | ||
| {{Cite web}} | web sources not characterized by another template | supported | supported | supported |
This section documents interactions betweenWP:TemplateData and tools that use that data to edit Wikipedia such asVisualEditor and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions.
|website= is "required" IABot makes the following edit:[1].|access-date= does not show.|url= is not supplied, then|access-date= does not show; by design.|title= field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; seeWeb links.www.example.org/ vs.http://www.example.org/.|) in the value will truncate it. Use{{!}} instead.|author-link= will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.|last= or|last1= is not defined, then|last2= will not show. By design.|page=,|pages= or|at= do not show.For instance the journalPhysical Review, was numbered volumes 1–35 from 1893 to 1912 (the first series). From 1913 to 1969, the volume numbering restarted at 1 and went up to 188 (the second series). In 1970,Physical Review split into different parts,Physical Review A,Physical Review B,Physical Review C, andPhysical Review D, where volumes again restarted at 1 (the third series). Since there are two publications identified asPhysical Review, Volume 1, there is a need to distinguish which is which by use of|series=First Series or|series=Second Series. WhilePhysical Review A is in the third series of thePhysical Reviewmedia franchise, it is the first series of the publication known asPhysical Review A. Since there is no confusion about whatPhysical Review A, Volume 1 could be referring to, there is no need to clarify to which numbering series the journal belong.
In particular, note that the|series= parameter is not to be used to distinguish the different parts of amedia franchise, likePhysical Review A,Acta Crystallographica Section A,Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B.
|author= should never hold the name of more than one author.