Helena Smith Dayton | |
|---|---|
 1917 portrait of Helena Smith Dayton | |
| Born | Helena Smith c.1879 (1879) |
| Died | February 22, 1960(1960-02-22) (aged 80–81) |
| Known for | Animation |
| Notable work | Romeo and Juliet (1917) |
Helena Smith Dayton (often hyphened asHelena Smith-Dayton) (1883–1960) was an Americanfilmmaker, painter and sculptor working in New York City who used fledglingstop motion andclay animation techniques in the 1910s and 1920s, one of the earliest animators (and the first American woman) to experiment with clay animation. Her "clay cartoons" were humorous in nature, and Dayton was featured in the "Humorist Salons" in New York City.[1] She spent the end ofWorld War I in Paris, managing anYMCA canteen for soldiers.[2] She was a published author, ranging in genre from journalism to plays to a guide to New York City.[3]
Dayton began sculpting around 1914 while living inGreenwich Village in New York City.[4] She described how she began to sculpt while she worked as a writer: "I was sitting at my typewriter, when my fingers began to itch for something to mould." She bought art clay and began to sculpt it. "From then on, I tried to fashion people as I saw them, the humorous always being uppermost in my thoughts."[1] Her "grotesque" figurines graced magazine covers and accompanied her humorous short stories in magazines such asPuck andCartoons Magazine.[4][5] A humorist, she specialized in creating clay models of prominent citizens.[2] She described her work as "gigglesome bits of statuary."[1] She copyrighted some of her creations[6] and they were marketed as "Caricatypes". The figurines, averaging 7 1/2 inches in height, cost 75 cent each.[7] Girls dressed as Dayton's caricatypes would appear in theZiegfeld Folliesof 1916 with lines written by Dayton.[8]
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She began experimenting with "clay cartoons" in 1916.[citation needed] The February 1917 issue ofPopular Science Monthly included an article about the motion-picture novelty of "animated sculpture". Illustrations included photographs of Dayton with her clay figures, a picture from the animated sculpture playBattle of the Suds, a part of a film strip showing circa ten frames of three dancing chorus girls and another of a man and a snake. The journalist found the effect "startingly (sic) realistic and highly amusing" and believed that "the rather jerky action serves only to enhance the amusing result".[9] Later in the year, Dayton admitted: “The difficult thing at first was to determine just how much to move an arm or a head, to avoid an appearance of jerkiness. I used to make the changes too great, but am learning to overcome that now.” Dayton created 16 poses for her sculpted figures for each foot of film, with up to 30 figurines moving in a scene. Dayton managed to animate about 100 feet of film per day and planned to release one film per month.[10]
The first documented public screening of some of her animated shorts took place on March 25, 1917 at the Strand Theater in New York City.[4] Later in 1917, she released her adaptation ofWilliam Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet. Before the animated portion of the film, the introduction featured a shot of Dayton sculpting the clay figures.[11] She contributed the short filmPride Goeth Before a Fall, featuring “dances and other stunts”, to the second issue of Pathe’sArgus Pictorial "screen magazine" released on 25 November 1917. The third edition of the program, released on 16 December, closed with a film featuring her clay figures around the banquet bord.[12] Her forays in sculpture and animation had contributed greatly to her income by this point: her bank account contained $12,000 in 1917, the equivalent of $256,000 in 2018 dollars.[1] Though newspapers and magazines in her day covered her work extensively and in detail, it is unclear whether Dayton produced any films after 1917.[13] This may be due to the onset of World War I, during which she worked abroad as part of the war effort, putting her artistic work on hold.[4] None of her films have yet been located, but impressions of her animation can be gathered from the stills and descriptions printed in magazines.
After working as a canteen director for the YMCA in Paris during World War I, she created sculpted figures depicting scenes in France. These were featured in an exhibition by theSociety of Illustrators (of which she was a member) in 1922 in New York City.[14]
Later in life, she took up painting.[2] She exhibited her paintings in 1943 at the Montross Gallery.[15] OneNew York Times art critic praised her work, calling her portraits in this exhibition "unflattering and sound, with a mining for individual character."[16]
Before she was an animator, Dayton worked as a reporter in Hartford, Connecticut.[2]
Dayton co-authored two guidebooks withLouise Bascom Barratt:A Book of Entertainments and Theatricals (1923) andNew York in Seven Days (1926).[4]
Later in her career, she took up playwriting.[3] She frequently collaborated with Louise Bascom Barratt. With Barratt in 1926, she co-wroteThe Sweet Buy and Buy, which was performed on stage in 1927 (produced byJames Gleason and Earle Boothe) and published as a book.[17][18] With Barratt again, she co-wroteHot Water; it opened in 1929 atLucille La Verne's theater in New York City, with La Verne in the leading role.[19] In 1931,Casanova's Son, also co-written with Barratt, debuted in New York City.[20]
Dayton was married toFred Erving Dayton, a writer and publisher.
Sometime between 1920 and 1925, Helena Smith Dayton signedThe Greenwich Village Bookshop Door at Frank Shay's Bookshop onChristopher Street. The door served as anautograph book for nearly 250bohemians and is now held by theHarry Ransom Center at theUniversity of Texas at Austin. Dayton's signature can be found on front panel 1.[3]
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