Heinz Felfe | |
|---|---|
| Born | Heinz Paul Johann Felfe 18 March 1918 |
| Died | 8 May 2008 (aged 90) Berlin, Germany |
| Occupation | Espionage |
| Political party | NSDAP (1936-1945) |
| Spouse | Yes |
| Children | 2 |
Heinz Paul Johann Felfe (18 March 1918 – 8 May 2008) was a Germanspy.
At various times he worked for the intelligence services ofNazi Germany,Great Britain, theSoviet Union, andWest Germany.[1] It is still not clear when he started working forSoviet intelligence, but it is known that between 1951 and 1961 he was a highly effective double agent, supplying important intelligence received in the course of his work forWest German Intelligence to the Soviet Union.[1][2][3]
At the age of eighteen in 1936, Felfe served in theSS, reaching the rank ofObersturmführer (first lieutenant).[4]
Heinz Felfe was born inDresden, in the southern part of what was then the central part ofGermany. His father was aCriminal Investigation officer (Kriminalbeamter).[1] On leaving school Felfe undertook an apprenticeship as a precision mechanic.[1] At school he joined theNazi Schoolchildren's League (NSS /Nationalsozialistischer Schülerbund): at this timeAdolf Hitler was still known only as a highly effectiveopposition politician. In 1931, the year of his thirteenth birthday, Felfe joined theHitler Youth association.[1][5] Two years later, in January 1933, theNSDAP (Nazi Party)took power in Germany, and in 1936, the year of his eighteenth birthday, Heinz Felfe became one of Germany's (by then) nearly four millionNazi party members[1][5] (membership number 3,710,348).[4]
1936 was also the year in which Heinz Felfe joined theSS /Schutzstaffel (membership number 286,288).[4] In 1939 he began working as a personal bodyguard for prominent party members, which also involved his receiving training as an official in the Criminal Investigation Department.
Felfe joinedthe Intelligence service(Der Sicherheitsdienst) in 1943. In August 1943 he was posted to Switzerland where, as head of the agency's important Swiss unit, his responsibilities included disseminating forgedBritish pound notes[2] as part of a broader strategy to undermine theBritish currency internationally. Towards the end of the war he was promoted to the rank ofSS-Obersturmführer (roughly equivalent to aFirst lieutenant) and, in December 1944, transferred to the Netherlands[1] with a mandate to organise subversive groups behind what was now becoming the allied front line.[6] On 8 March 1945, Felfe allegedly participated in the mass executions of 263 hostages in reprisal for the assassination attempt onHanns Albin Rauter.[7] According to a credible 1969 press report much of his energy while in the Netherlands implied a personal rivalry with his father, a Dresden-based Criminal Investigation Officer of evidently overbearing character, who was by origin a member of Germany'sSorbian ethnic minority.[8] As theGerman war machine fell back across Europe, Felfe asked theGestapo to harass members of the Sorbian minority back in his country'sSaxon heartland.[8]
He was captured by the British Army in 1945, and spent the seventeen months from May 1945 till October 1946 as a Britishprisoner of war.[1] He at some point had learned to speak English fluently. Under interrogation in July 1945, atBlauwkapel (nearUtrecht),[3] Felfe stated that he had been "an ardent Nazi".[5] This was nothing more than the British could have determined for themselves by rummaging through the relevant German records, but the egotistical candor of his assertion was sufficiently unusual for the British to flag it in their own files as well as in the record of the interrogation passed along to theCIA.[5] In 1946 he agreed to work forBritish Intelligence ("MI6") inMünster. His assignments included reporting on Communist activism atCologne[9] andBonn[2] universities. He continued to work for the British at least till 1949, but amid growing suspicion by his handlers that he might also be working for theSoviet intelligence services.[5] By 1949 Felfe had also found time to study for and obtain aLaw degree[1] from Bonn university.[6]
At some point between 1949[1] and 1951[6] he was indeed recruited to work for Soviet intelligence. Subsequent CIA reconstructions of the narrative indicate that he might have been working less formally for the Soviets from 1948 or earlier.[3] However, Felfe is believed to have become a "full blown" Soviet agent only in September 1951, following a meeting in late 1949 or early 1950[3] withHans Clemens,[6] a former colleague from their days in German Intelligence.[5] By this time, however, Felfe had already been supplying Clemens with information for the Soviets.[5] Both Felfe and Clemens were from Dresden: the recruitment of both men was directed by the KGB office in Dresden.[3] Later CIA reports noted that during the years directly following thewar the Soviets had systematically targeted former agents of the Nazi Intelligence services, and that they had particular success in recruiting people from Dresden because of bitterness against the British and Americans resulting from the very high level of civilian deaths and suffering caused by the destructivefire bombing of that city in February 1945.[5] The intense bombing of Dresden had beencontroversial even in London and Washington.
Felfe's Soviet handlers used for him the code name "Paul". Meanwhile, in April 1950 the British "dropped" him, "for serious oparational [sic] and personal security reasons".[3] Agent "Paul" continued to work under the case officer Vitaly Korotkov for the SovietMain Intelligence Directorate until his arrest in November 1961.[5] Even after his arrest he managed to brief the KGB about his ongoing interrogation, using invisible ink to make additions to his private letters.
In 1950/51 Heinz Felfe was also working for theWest German government inBonn with theFederal Ministry for intra-German relations. The zones of occupation agreed upon between the principal allied leaders atPotsdam had by now crystallized in such a way that theSoviet occupation zone had been developed into a separate stand-alone state; for the first few years after 1945 underSoviet administration and, since the young country's foundation in 1949, as theGerman Democratic Republic (while still able to access the fraternal security advice and practical support of several hundred thousandresident Soviet troops). Thefrontier between the two German states later became famously fortified, but through the later 1940s and early 1950s large numbers of people moved with little impediment from East Germany to West Germany. Inevitably some of those making the crossing would turn out to have been sent across to gather information for the East German and Soviet intelligence services. Felfe was employed as an interrogator,[3] tasked with screening, among others, former members of East Germany's quasi-militarypolice service (Volkspolizei) and any identified associates arriving in the refugee camps.[10]
Barely two months after his formal recruitment by Soviet Intelligence,Wilhelm Krichbaum recruited Heinz Felfe into theGehlen Organization in November 1951.[2] That US-sponsored intelligence agency[3] was the precursor to theFederal Intelligence Service(Bundesnachrichtendienst) which would replace it in 1956. The West Germans were evidently not aware in any sufficient detail of the circumstances that had led the British security services to dispense with Felfe's service back in April 1950.[3] Initial contacts between Felfe and the Gehlen Organisation had been choreographed by the very same Hans Clemens who had facilitated Felfe's recruitment by the Soviet Intelligence agency.[2] Felfe's code name in his work for the West German agency was "Friesen".[1][4] Many years later an angry fellow former West German intelligence officer testified thatReinhard Gehlen himself had used the alternative code name "Fiffi" for Heinz Felfe: the same witness stated that the same alternative name "Fiffi" was also used for the Soviet agent "Paul" by "Alfred", who at the time had been Felfe'sKGB handler.[8]
Felfe rose quickly through the ranks of the West German intelligence service. After his arrest in November 1961 it would be established that as a double agent his over-riding loyalty was to Soviet intelligence,[3] but along the way the Soviet KGB and GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate /Главное разведывательное управление) were keen to preserve his cover and therefore enabled him to provide plenty of credible intelligence to his West German handlers. Subsequently declassified CIA analysis outlines four elaborate operations undertaken in the early 1950s by Soviet Intelligence, under the codes names "Balthasar", "Lena", "Lilli Marlen" and"Busch", designed to support Felfe's usefulness and credibility in the eyes of his West German bosses.[3] According to Reinhard Gehlen's own memoirs, published in 1971, Felfe had provided an abundance of intelligence nuggets to close confidants of the West German intelligence chief.[11] Within the West German service, Felfe rose rapidly to the relatively senior rank ofRegierungsrat.[2][5] In the end, either by 1955[5] or 1958,[1] he became the agency's head (or deputy head)[3] of counter-espionage against the Soviets.[2] His status within the service and the confidence of his senior colleagues enabled Felfe's free access to many of the secret files held by the federal government and, notably, its foreign ministry.
He later claimed that he had been heading up a West German spy ring in Moscow from as early as 1953 and that information passed to the West from that exercise had included the secret minutes from meetings of the (East German) ruling party's central committee, featuring alleged criticisms of high-ranking party officials close to the East German leader,Walter Ulbricht: they had also included the identities of ("expendable") KGB agents.[12] Felfe also stated that he had provided the west with a detailed plan of the KGB headquarters inKarlshorst on the south side of Berlin, something which Gehlen loved to show high-ranking intelligence chiefs from his country's western allies.
As head of the department responsible for Soviet counter-intelligence, one of Felfe's longest running projects involved his leadership of "Panoptikum", an operation to uncover a "mole" believed to be operating at a high level within the West German Intelligence Service.
In the end, the target of "Panoptikum" would turn out to be Heinz Felfe.[3][13]
After his arrest in 1961, the court found that during ten years as an active double agent Felfe had photographed more than 15,000 secret documents and transmitted countless messages by radio, or using one of his personal contacts.[2] He later recalled that he had been able to pass his handlers plans (in the end never implemented) for the creation of aEuropean Defence Community and of the detailed diplomatic planning for the visit to Moscow undertaken in 1955 by theWest German Chancellor,Konrad Adenauer.[2][6] Another career highlight during the 1950s was his success in integrating himself into a CIA operation to penetrate the KGB Headquarters in Berlin, which led to a CIA mole having to disappear in a hurry.[3]
According to two exceptionally well-briefed pundits,Oleg Gordievsky andChristopher Andrew, he managed to keep the Soviets regularly apprised in their major areas of interest concerning theCIA and other intelligence services.[14] From the West German perspective, however, his treachery inflicted serious damage. He betrayed the leadership of the Federal Intelligence Service.[5] Copies of Intelligence Service reports prepared for the Chancellor's office were shared with the Russians. He gave the Soviets the identities of ninety four West Germany overseas "field officers",[8] including the agency chief inBangkok. The identities of these officers were known to only a very few, even within The Service, but Felfe proved adept at finding their names by sounding out the relevant colleagues.
His senior position in counter-espionage left him plenty of opportunities to cover his own tracks on such matters as any links he may have had with theEnglish spyKim Philby. Subsequent CIA analysis notes that following his arrest Felfe was open and cooperative on questions to which his interrogators already knew the answers, but in contrast to other more garrulous agents unmasked and quizzed at around the same time, he took care not to disclose matters on which he judged his interrogators were not already well informed.[5] The totality of his damage done must have far exceeded that which has yet come to light: nevertheless, when his apartment was searched more than 300 microfilms containing 15,660 images were found, along with 20 audio tapes.[8]
Felfe was arrested on spying charges on 6 November 1961.[15] The same day the West German intelligence services received a message from their US counterparts, "Congratulations. You found your Felfe: we're still looking for ours" ("Glückwunsch -- Ihr habt Euren Felfe entdeckt, wir unseren noch nicht.").[8] In later years, as the agency turned tothe Israelis[15] for help in recreating an espionage network in Eastern Europe, and the extent to which West German intelligence had been penetrated by Soviet agents during the postwar years became clear, the CIA's attitude to West German intelligence would become less congratulatory.[3] Elsewhere in the US intelligence establishment theCounterintelligence Corps (CIC) had always been sceptical over the recruitment of former SS officers intoGehlen's Intelligence service (from 1956 the BND): the CIC were already, in 1953, including Felfe on a list of potential defectors,[16] but the available indications are that the CIC never shared their doubts with the CIA which was in some ways a rival operation. In the end it was a Soviet defector, a KGB major calledAnatoliy Golitsyn, who in October 1961 provided the decisive information that led to Felfe.[8] Golitsyn was unable to supply Felfe's name, but he provided sufficient detail to make identification of the Soviet mole easy.[8]
It was later pointed out that both the US and West German intelligence services should have been led to Felfe much sooner, for instance on account of a lifestyle more lavish than could easily be explained by his income as an employee of the West German Intelligence services.[17] Looking back there were those who judged the intelligence that Felfe obtained too good to be true. On the other hand, right up till his unmasking in November 1961 Felfe retained the stubborn backing of the agency's powerful chief, Reinhard Gehlen, who is on record with his appreciation of the quality of Felfe's intelligence. There are also suggestions in retrospective intelligence analyses that the sheer extent to which West German intelligence was penetrated by the Soviets during the 1950s may have meant that there were more senior people in it ready to protect Felfe than will ever become public.[3]
Two other intelligence agents arrested on suspicion of spying for the Soviet Union on 6 November 1961 were an agent calledErwin Tiebel andHans Clemens, the man who had played such a prominent role in Felfe's recruitment into both the Soviet and the West German Intelligence Services. Clemens and Felfe admitted to having passed 15,000 classified documents to the Soviets.[18] Clemens received a 10-years sentence for treason.[19]
On 22 July 1963 theFederal Court of Justice in Karlsruhe found the three men guilty of spying for the Soviet Union.[20] Their jail terms were set at 3, 11 and 14 years. The 14 year sentence went to Felfe.[1]
Still aged only 51, Felfe was nevertheless released on 14 February 1969 in exchange for 21[citation needed] (mostly political) prisoners including three West German students from Heidelberg – Walter Naumann, Peter Sonntag and Volker Schaffhauser[8][21] – who had been convicted in the Soviet Union for spying because they had allegedly been caught writing down the license plate numbers of Soviet military vehicles on behalf of the CIA.[8][22][23]
The exchange took place atHerleshausen, by then one of the few border check points still open along theinner German border that divided East and West Germany. It came about only following massive pressure from the German Democratic Republic which threatened to break off the secretpolitical prisoner ransom scheme that the two Germanys had been quietly operating since 1964. It happened in the face of strong opposition fromGerhard Wessel, who in 1968 had taken over from Gehlen as head of West German Intelligence. The number of political detainees exchanged for him and the extent of the pressure the Soviets were willing to apply through their East German proxies in support of Felfe's release testify to his importance in the eyes of Soviet intelligence.[citation needed]
Following his release Felfe worked briefly for the KGB before returning to East Berlin where, in 1972, he became a Professor forCriminalistics atEast Berlin'sHumboldt University.[1][24]
Heinz Felfe published his memoir in 1986 under the titleIn the Service of the enemy: Ten years as Moscow's man in the Federal Intelligence Service.[17][25][26] The manuscript had been reviewed by Felfe's former employers in the KGB, and during a press interview he gave the estimate that perhaps 10-15% of what he had written had been removed at their request, while their acceptance of certain other passages had surprised him.[17] At the book launch in East Berlin he stressed his (Federal) German nationality (which afterreunification would become the nationality of Germans on both sides of the former inner German border). After 1990 this was reported to have caused some irritation among a nostalgic element who still treasured the memory of the defiantly separate German Democratic Republic.[27]
Public disclosure of Felfe's activities damaged the reputation of the West German Intelligence Service,[4] which just three months earlier had been taken by surprise by the erection of theBerlin Wall.[28] The intelligence services lost the confidence of the political establishment domestically and of the intelligence services of other countries, notably the United States, which now became much more cautious about information sharing.[3] Even more damaging was the destruction of trust within the Bundesnachrichtendienst itself.
According to Heribert Hellenbroich (head of BND) on public TV, Felfe displayed a healthy measure ofchutzpah while being an instructor to nascent spies of BND: During his explanation ofsecret communication via shortwave radio from KGB / Moscow to their European spies, he used actual radio traffic (encrypted number sequences in spoken German language voice) that in fact contained orders that Felfe himself was to carry out on behalf of the Soviets.
In March 2008 Heinz Felfe received congratulations from theRussian FSB (successor to the Soviet KGB) on the occasion of his 90th birthday.[citation needed]
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