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Heinrich Gustav Magnus | |
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| Born | (1802-05-02)2 May 1802 |
| Died | 4 April 1870(1870-04-04) (aged 67) Berlin,Kingdom of Prussia |
| Alma mater | Berlin University Stockholm University Sorbonne |
| Known for | August–Roche–Magnus formula Magnus effect Magnus' green salt Diathermancy Isethionic acid Periodic acid |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry,physics |
| Institutions | Berlin University |
| Thesis | De tellurio (1827) |
| Doctoral advisor | Eilhard Mitscherlich |
| Doctoral students | Hermann Knoblauch August Kundt Emil Warburg Gustav Wiedemann |
| Other notable students | Wilhelm von Beetz Rudolf Clausius |
Heinrich Gustav Magnus (German:[ˈhaɪnʁɪçˈɡʊstaːfˈmaːɡnʊs];[1][2] 2 May 1802 – 4 April 1870) was a German experimental scientist. His training was mostly in chemistry but his later research was mostly in physics. He spent the great bulk of his career at theUniversity of Berlin, where he is remembered for his laboratory teaching as much as for his original research. He did not use his first given name, and was known throughout his life as Gustav Magnus.
Magnus was born in Berlin to aJewish family, his father a wealthy merchant. In his youth he received private instruction in mathematics and natural science. At the University of Berlin he studied chemistry and physics, 1822–27, and obtained a doctorate for a dissertation ontellurium in 1827. His doctoral adviser wasEilhard Mitscherlich. He then went to Stockholm for a year as a visiting research fellow at the laboratory ofJöns Jakob Berzelius (who was a personal friend of Mitscherlich). That was followed by a year in Paris at the laboratory ofJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac andLouis Jacques Thénard. Therefore, he had a first-rate education in experimental science when in 1831 he was appointed lecturer in physics and technology at the University of Berlin. In 1834 he became assistant professor, and in 1845 was appointed full professor, and later he was elected the dean of the faculty.
As a teacher at the University of Berlin his success was rapid and extraordinary. His lucid style and the perfection of his experimental demonstrations drew to his lectures a crowd of enthusiastic scholars, on whom he impressed the importance of applied science; and he further found time to hold weekly colloquies on physical questions at his house with a small circle of young students.[3] Furthermore, Magnus's laboratory was one of the best equipped in the world during the years when he was professor in Berlin, and especially during the decade of the 1840s. This was as a result of his inherited money, his focus on experiment in chemistry and physics, his knowledge of the state-of-the-art methods, the scarcity of other laboratories in Europe at the time, and finally the high value he placed on facilitating the researches of up-and-coming young scientists. Well-known names in the history of physics who were beneficiaries of Magnus's laboratory in the 1840s includeRudolf Clausius,Hermann Helmholtz andGustav Wiedemann. Magnus's laboratory, which he privately owned, was integrated into the University of Berlin.
Magnus published 84 papers in research journals.[4] His research output was continuous over his lifetime: the first memoir was published in 1825 when he was still a student, and the last appeared shortly after his death in 1870. From 1825 to 1833, he was occupied mainly with chemical researches. These resulted in the discovery of the first of theplatino-ammonium class of compounds (seeMagnus's green salt).[3] He was first to identify the three sulfonic acidssulphovinic acid,ethionic acid andisethionic acid and their salts;[5] and, in cooperation with CF Ammermüller, ofper-iodic acid[6] and its salts. He also reported on the diminution in density produced ingarnet andvesuvianite by melting (1831). Subjects on which he published research after 1833 include: the absorption of gases in blood (1837–1845); the expansion of gases by heat (1841–1844); the vapour pressures of water and various solutions (1844–1854);thermoelectricity (1851);electrolysis of metallic salts in solution (1857);electromagnetic induction of currents (1858–1861); absorption and conduction of heat in gases (1860s); polarization of heat (1866–1868); and the deflection of projectiles from firearms (seeMagnus effect). From 1861, he devoted much attention to the question ofdiathermancy in gases and vapours, especially to the behaviour in this respect of dry and moist air, and to the thermal effects produced by the condensation of moisture on solid surfaces.[3] Magnus was an experimenter, not a theoretician.
His great reputation led to his being entrusted by the government with several missions; e.g. in 1865 he representedPrussia in the conference called atFrankfurt am Main to introduce a uniformmetric system of weights and measures into Germany. He married in 1840 Bertha Humblot, of a FrenchHuguenot family settled in Berlin, by whom he left a son and two daughters.[3]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906)."Magnus, Heinrich Gustav".The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906)."Converts to Christianity, Modern".The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Magnus, Heinrich Gustav".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 392. This work in turn cites:
