Kovalainen was supported by theRenault Driver Development programme early in his racing career, during which he won theWorld Series by Nissan championship and finished runner-up in theGP2 series.Renault signed him on as a full-time Formula One test driver for2006, and then promoted him to a race seat for2007. He gained his first podium by finishing second in theJapanese Grand Prix that year.
He moved to McLaren for the2008 season, where he partneredLewis Hamilton. His second season in Formula One saw him achieve his first pole position atSilverstone and his first victory at theHungaroring, becoming the 100th driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix. He remained with the team for the2009 season.
In2010, he moved to the newly createdTeam Lotus where he also remained for2011 and2012, with the team renamedCaterham F1 for 2012, Kovalainen's last full season in Formula One. Although he didn't score points in the uncompetitive cars, he earned respect for outperforming drivers who were racing in similarly uncompetitive cars.[1][2] Kovalainen competed in the last two races of the2013 season forLotus F1 as a short-notice stand-in for regular driverKimi Räikkönen.
In 2015, Kovalainen moved to Japan to compete inSuper GT in the GT500 class withTeam SARD. He won the championship in his second season in the series in2016.
Born inSuomussalmi,Finland, Kovalainen's career began inkart racing, much like that of many other race car drivers. He competed in karting from 1991 to 2000, during which time he finished runner-up in the FinnishFormula A championship in 1999 and 2000. In 2000 he won theNordic championship and theParis-Bercy Elf Masters event, as well as finished third in the World Formula Super A Championship, leading him to be elected as the Finnish Kart Driver of the Year.
Kovalainen began his car racing career in theBritish Formula Renault Championship, which fellow FinnKimi Räikkönen had won in 2000 before moving straight into Formula One withSauber. Kovalainen's apprenticeship in the junior categories of motor sport was more conventional, but he usedRenault power at every step along the way.[3] He finished fourth in the championship with two wins, two pole positions, five podiums and three fastest laps, earning the Rookie of the Year award. He also took part in theFormula ThreeMacau Grand Prix, where he finished eighth.
Kovalainen attracted the support of the Renault Driver Development programme and in 2002 moved up to theBritish Formula 3 Championship withFortec Motorsport who used Renault engines. He became one of the most competitive drivers on the grid by the second half of the season and all five of his wins came in the final nine races. With three pole positions and three fastest laps, Kovalainen finished third overall in the championship behindRobbie Kerr andJames Courtney[3] and he was again Rookie of the Year.
He also demonstrated strong form in the international non-championship rounds, with second place in Macau and fourth place at theMarlboro Masters atZandvoort.
Kovalainen moved into the Renault-ownedWorld Series by Nissan in 2003 – but faced a tough teammate at the Gabord team inFranck Montagny. Montagny had already spent two seasons in the World Series and had won the championship in 2001.[3] Montagny won the 2003 title with nine wins to Kovalainen's one.
In2005, Kovalainen entered theGP2 Series, the new 'feeder' series for F1 and the successor toFormula 3000. Driving for theArden International team, Kovalainen began the season with strong results by winning the first round of the championship inImola and then finishing third in the sprint race. InBarcelona he scored his third consecutive podium, but in the sprint race his car stalled on the grid. He dominated the race inMonaco by claiming pole position, leading the race for the first 21 laps and clocking the fastest lap of the race. Problems during his pitstop, however, dropped him down to fifth. At theNürburgring he gave his best performance yet, by winning the race from 17th on the grid. In the sprint raceJosé María López caused a collision which forced Kovalainen to retire. AtMagny-Cours he won again from fourth on the grid, and came third in the sprint race.
At this point in the season, however, a resurgentNico Rosberg with hisART Grand Prix team seemed to find more speed and began scoring victories, emerging as Kovalainen's main rival for the championship. Kovalainen and Arden fought back, scoring podiums and points positions inSilverstone,Hockenheim andHungaroring, but were unable to find the necessary speed to beat Rosberg. InIstanbul's feature race Kovalainen finished tenth due to engine problems, but in the sprint race held in wet conditions he returned to his winning ways. AtMonza Arden were fast again, and Kovalainen snatched his second pole of the season and won the feature race. In the sprint race he could only manage fifth position, however, and this meant that with four races left in the season, Kovalainen was leading Rosberg by only four points.
After a chaotic weekend atSpa affected by rain and Safety Cars, Rosberg took the lead from Kovalainen. In the final two rounds inBahrain, Rosberg and ART seemed to be unmatched again, and he secured the championship by winning the feature race with Kovalainen finishing third. Retiring from the last sprint race, Kovalainen finished runner-up in the series, 15 points adrift.[3]
Kovalainen was promoted in Montagny's place at the end of2005 and spent the2006 season in a full-time testing role, logging over 28,000 km of testing.
Renault's lead driverFernando Alonso had signed forMcLaren for the2007 season, and Renault elected to promote Kovalainen in his place, which they confirmed on 6 September 2006.[4] Team bossFlavio Briatore said: "With Kovalainen, I hope to find the anti-Alonso."[5]
Kovalainen made his race debut at theAustralian Grand Prix. His season got off to a rough start; he made several mistakes during the race, finishing tenth.Flavio Briatore felt it was a disappointing debut for the young Finn and hoped the real Kovalainen would show up next time.[6]
Kovalainen scored his first World Championship point in his second Grand Prix atSepang, Malaysia, and followed this with a ninth place inBahrain. He then secured seventh place inBarcelona, outperforming teammateGiancarlo Fisichella, but finished down the order inMonaco, in 13th.
InCanada he made mistakes throughout practice, including one at the exit of turn 7, and hit the barrier. He crashed at the first chicane in qualifying, and damaged his rear wing significantly, and failed to make it through to the second qualifying session. In the race he made progress early on, and then halted. He had luck with the strategy and the Safety Car, and a podium was within his grasp, but he could not find a way pastAlexander Wurz ofWilliams, who had also started towards the rear of the pack. Kovalainen was pulling away from theFerrari ofKimi Räikkönen in the closing stages, which was a real confidence booster for the team.
In theUnited States Grand Prix atIndianapolis he qualified in sixth position, and a good start saw him go past Räikkönen into fifth place. He held Räikkönen off, and led the race at the end of his first stint when the cars ahead of him made their pit stops. He re-joined behind Räikkönen and looked comfortable in sixth place untilNick Heidfeld'sBMW Sauber broke down in front of him, and thus, Kovalainen finished fifth, while teammate Fisichella failed to score points.
The second half of the European season failed to produce equally strong results, but it did keep the points tally ticking over. During theFrench Grand Prix atMagny-Cours, he was battling with Fisichella until the sharp Adelaide hairpin, whenJarno Trulli'sToyota made an optimistic lunge up the inside of Kovalainen which wrecked both drivers' races. Kovalainen had to pit for repairs and eventually finished 15th. Seventh place at theBritish Grand Prix was no disaster, with Fisichella finishing behind him.
Kovalainen had time to watch theBrazilian Grand Prix after his only retirement of the season.
Kovalainen scored a point at both theNürburgring and theHungaroring, and scored three more inTurkey, with Kovalainen coming ahead ofRobert Kubica. Kovalainen again led the Grand Prix when cars ahead of him made their pit stops. Seventh place atMonza was a fair result. The team took a gamble in the next race atSpa-Francorchamps, with Kovalainen on a one-stop strategy while his challengers for the rear end of the points were all on two-stop strategies, which included the BMW's of Heidfeld and Kubica (who was docked ten places down the grid due to an engine change),Nico Rosberg andMark Webber. A good start from Kovalainen saw him become a mobile chicane for all of them except Webber. The gamble did not pay off, although Kovalainen held off Kubica in the closing stages to secure the final points position. Better was to come at theJapanese Grand Prix atFuji Speedway, where, despite not making it through to the final qualifying session, Kovalainen raced well. While most of his rivals got into trouble one way or another in the hazardous wet conditions, Kovalainen did not and held off Kimi Räikkönen in the closing laps to take second place and his first podium in Formula One.
After finishing ninth in theChinese Grand Prix, Kovalainen made a mistake in qualifying inBrazil and was left 17th on the grid. At the start of the raceRalf Schumacher collided with Kovalainen, forcing him to pit. His teammate Fisichella was involved in a collision withSakon Yamamoto. On lap 36 he felt a vibration at the left rear, and suddenly something on the rear suspension snapped, launching Kovalainen into the barriers. The retirement, possibly caused by damage from the collision with Schumacher, was his first of the season, meaning he lost the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity of becoming the first driver to finish all of the races in his first season. At the time, he shared the record for most consecutive finishes from start of career withTiago Monteiro, both having finished 16 races, untilMax Chilton broke the record by finishing his first 25 races in2013 and2014.
At the end of the 2007 seasonFernando Alonso returned to Renault, and Kovalainen was left with offers fromToyota andMcLaren.[7][8] On 14 December 2007 it was confirmed that Kovalainen would replace Alonso once again and drive for McLaren Mercedes in2008, alongsideLewis Hamilton.[9][10] Kovalainen joinedKeke Rosberg,Mika Häkkinen andKimi Räikkönen as Finnish drivers that have driven for McLaren.
After his first official testing session occurred on 9 January 2008 atJerez, Kovalainen made his McLaren race début at theAustralian Grand Prix, where he was quickest in the first qualifying session and started third on the grid behindLewis Hamilton andRobert Kubica. He overtook Fernando Alonso on the final lap, but then accidentally hit the pit lane limiter granting fourth place to Alonso, himself finishing fifth, but Kovalainen did set the fastest lap of the race.
InMalaysia he was penalised five places for blockingNick Heidfeld'sBMW Sauber in the latter stages of qualifying, dropping to eighth. Kovalainen finished the race third as Hamilton faced problems in the pits, and Ferrari'sFelipe Massa retired due to a spin. InBahrain he flatspotted a tyre on the first lap and was consequently well off the pace of the Ferraris and the BMW Saubers.[11] Towards the end he improved and recorded the fastest lap of the race again, coming home fifth.
At theSpanish Grand Prix, Kovalainen had just taken the lead, when his front-left tyre suddenly deflated and his car crashed into the tyre wall on lap 22. Kovalainen's car was almost completely buried under the tyres. The Safety Car was deployed for six laps as the debris was removed, and he was finally removed from the car and placed on a stretcher, at which point he gave a "thumbs-up". He was then taken by helicopter to aBarcelona area hospital for further tests. His final condition was a minor concussion, whilst also complaining of a sore elbow and neck.[12] Kovalainen apparently did not lose consciousness at any point, according to the people who assisted him at the scene, but he himself had no memory of the accident nor of giving the "thumbs-up". The first thing he remembered was waking up at the hospital and the team doctor telling him what had happened.[13] Kovalainen was released from the hospital two days later and he was able to race in Turkey. The cause of the accident was later determined to have been a production error on the wheel rim.[14][15][16]
In theTurkish Grand Prix, evidence of the different driving styles used by the two McLaren drivers became apparent. Hamilton's more aggressive driving style meant that he had to adopt a three-stop strategy for the race due to concerns over his tyres' durability at Istanbul Park, while Kovalainen was able to use a two-stop strategy.[17][18] Kovalainen qualified in second place, but suffered a puncture during a fight with Kimi Räikkönen in the first corner and dropped back to finish the race in 12th place.
More disappointment was to follow inMonaco when a software glitch stalled his car on the grid. He was able to start from the pitlane after the mechanics changed his steering wheel, and he made his way up to score a point for eighth place.[19] InMontreal, Kovalainen experienced difficulties with his tyres, as they seemed to degrade much more rapidly than Hamilton's, and the team was forced to tell him to take it easy in order to avoid a puncture.[20] He finished ninth, and later described his race as a total catastrophe, suspecting the tyre issues had something to do with his driving style.[21][22] At theFrench Grand Prix Kovalainen started tenth on the grid, after being docked five places for blocking Mark Webber in qualifying, and finished the race in fourth.
AtSilverstone, Kovalainen achieved his first pole position, and led the race for the first four laps, before Hamilton passed him at Stowe. Despite two spins due to losing grip on the wet circuit, Kovalainen finished fifth. After the race Kovalainen reported similar tyre problems that he suffered in Canada; after a few laps the rear tyres were completely degraded and had lost their grip.[23][24][25]
At theGerman Grand Prix Kovalainen finished fifth. In the week leading up to the Hungarian Grand Prix, McLaren confirmed that Kovalainen would remain with the team for2009.[26] He won his only race atHungary and became the 100th driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix after race leader Felipe Massa retired due to an engine failure with three laps remaining.[27] After the race Kovalainen commented: "In previous races my driving was too hard on the tyres. For this race we made somewhat radical changes to the set-up, and they were definitely a step in the right direction."[28] He finished the following race inValencia in fourth position, which moved him into the top five in the championship.
In September Kovalainen elaborated on the tyre issues forAutosport. The problem seemed to be indeed caused by his different driving style compared to Hamilton, particularly the way he enters corners, uses brakes differently and then accelerates. Hamilton turns the car in a shorter time whereas Kovalainen is trying to make the corners more round, inadvertently causing more wear on the tyres. They had made progress by adapting the car and working on his driving style.[29][30]
InBelgium he qualified third, but lost eight places at the start.[31] On lap ten he collided withMark Webber and was given a drive-through penalty, which dropped him to fifteenth place. He worked his way back up to seventh, but on the final lap had to retire due to a gearbox failure, which left him outside the points. At theItalian Grand Prix he qualified second behindSebastian Vettel in the tricky wet conditions. In the race Kovalainen developed brake temperature problems, however, and could not match Vettel's pace, finishing in second place, but was disappointed at the lost chance for a win.[32]
InSingapore, Kovalainen qualified fifth, and tried to overtake Kubica for fourth place at the start of the race, but they made contact at Turn 3, causing Kovalainen to lose two places to Glock and Vettel. During a Safety Car period, both McLarens pitted at the same time and Kovalainen had to queue up behind Hamilton, dropping him down the order to 14th. He ultimately finished tenth.
Prior to theJapanese Grand Prix Kovalainen discussed his driving style and the tyre problems in an interview with the Finnish newspaperTurun Sanomat, feeling they had now solved the issues. He explained his driving style was now very close to Hamilton's, as well as his car set-up. Hamilton's aggressive driving style seemed to work the best with theMcLaren MP4-23, allowing the tyres to last longer. Hamilton hits the brakes harder and turns the car more quickly into the corner, while Kovalainen's softer driving style would be to drive with a longer curve into the corner, going easier on the brakes and accelerating halfway through the corner. Since the McLaren was harder on the tyres than theRenault and theBridgestones were not quite as robust as theMichelins, that driving style now led to excessive tyre degradation.[33] In Japan Kovalainen qualified third behind Hamilton andKimi Räikkönen. During the initial tussle between Hamilton and Räikkönen, Kovalainen was pushed off the track along with several other cars. Kovalainen was running in third when on lap 17 his car suffered an engine failure.[34]
At theChinese Grand Prix on his 27th birthday, he qualified in fifth position despite leading the timesheets in the initial part of third qualifying.[35] In the race, Kovalainen's first set of front tyres had been marked incorrectly, so the left tyre was installed on the right-hand side of the car and vice versa, meaning the tyres were spinning in the wrong direction, causing understeer. He reported the understeer on the radio, and during his first pit stop the mechanics tried to improve the situation by raising the front-wing angle. Now that he also had correctly marked tyres, however, meant that the front-wing was now causing oversteer and making the front of the car heavier. This possibly caused the puncture to his front right tyre on lap 35, forcing him to pit and drop down to 17th, before he finally retired on lap 49 due to a hydraulics problem.[36][37][38]
Going into theBrazilian Grand Prix, Kovalainen qualified fifth on the grid, leading many to believe that the McLarens were fuelled heavier than the other frontrunners, having set the pace earlier in the weekend.[39][40][41] Kovalainen eventually finished seventh.
At the start of the2009 season McLaren were struggling for pace. Both Kovalainen and Hamilton failed to get into the top ten in qualifying for the first two races.
In theAustralian Grand Prix, Kovalainen retired due to a collision withMark Webber in the first corner and inMalaysia he spun off on the first lap while fighting for position with Hamilton and Massa. InChina he scored his first points of the season by finishing fifth. McLaren gradually developed the car and results began to improve, with Kovalainen finishing eighth inGermany, fifth inHungary and his best result of the season, a fourth place at theEuropean Grand Prix. This was followed by back-to-back sixth places atSpa andMonza, and seventh inSingapore. He ended the season with 22 points having had five retirements, this left him in 12th position in the championship. On 18 November it was announced that recently crowned world championJenson Button had been signed on a multi-year deal as Hamilton's teammate leaving Kovalainen[42] without a 2010 F1 drive.
It was announced on 14 December 2009, that Kovalainen would drive forLotus Racing in 2010 along withJarno Trulli.[43] The team made their debut at theBahrain Grand Prix on 14 March 2010. The car was off the pace in pre-season testing, due to a lack of downforce caused by the need for a conservative initial design.[44] Kovalainen finished in fifteenth position in the race, two laps down on winnerFernando Alonso.
InAustralia, Trulli did not start the race and Kovalainen finished 13th. InMalaysia, Kovalainen retired with 10 laps to go, and followed this up with fourteenth inChina, while inSpain Kovalainen failed to start withgearbox problems. He retired inMonaco with steering problems, and inTurkey with hydraulic problems. Kovalainen finished 16th inCanada, 2 laps down.
AtValencia on lap 9Mark Webber'sRed Bull hit Kovalainen's Lotus and went over the top, before landing and skidding into the barrier. Kovalainen recovered to the pits but retired from the race. A 17th-place finish atSilverstone and a fourteenth inHungary sandwiched his fourth retirement of the season inGermany, due to damage caused by a collision withSauber'sPedro de la Rosa. He retired yet again at the2010 Singapore Grand Prix after his car caught fire in the final lap, although his decision to not go into the pit lane and instead stop at the side of the track and tackle the blaze himself was met with applause from the crowd.
Kovalainen remained with Lotus in2011. At the season-openingAustralian Grand Prix, he was forced to retire after a water leak, before recording his first finish of the season inMalaysia where he finished 15th, before a 16th-place finish inChina. He finished 19th inTurkey and crashed out inSpain, having started from 15th on the grid, outqualifying theForce Indias ofPaul di Resta andAdrian Sutil. He finished 14th inMonaco and 19th at theEuropean Grand Prix, with further retirements inCanada andGreat Britain. Kovalainen finished 16th at theGerman Grand Prix, before another retirement due to a water leak inHungary. Kovalainen then finished each of the next five races, with a best placing of 13th at theItalian Grand Prix. He also finished on the lead lap, in 18th place at theJapanese Grand Prix, and finished ahead of theSaubers ofKamui Kobayashi andSergio Pérez inKorea, in 14th place. InIndia, Kovalainen finished 14th again, running as high as tenth place during the race.
During the season, Kovalainen outqualified teammates Trulli andKarun Chandhok in 17 out of the 19 races held, and Team Lotus principalTony Fernandes stated that he was satisfied with Kovalainen's performance over the season.[45]
Kovalainen was retained by the team – renamedCaterham F1 for2012 – for a third year, partneringVitaly Petrov. This season was more stable, as Kovalainen finished all races but the initialAustralian Grand Prix.
Kovalainen and Petrov were dropped in favour ofCharles Pic andGiedo van der Garde ahead of the2013 season, but Kovalainen remained on good terms with Caterham, attending theMalaysian Grand Prix as a personal guest of Tony Fernandes.[46] Ahead of theBahrain Grand Prix, the team announced that it had re-signed Kovalainen as one of its reserve drivers, replacingMa Qing Hua and alongsideAlexander Rossi, in which role he took part in the first free practice sessions in Bahrain andSpain.[47]
He was linked with joiningMercedes as a test driver for2014[50] and reuniting with his former McLaren teammateLewis Hamilton however it was never confirmed. In August he completed a test for theBMW MotorsportDTM team with aBMW M4 DTM.
In August 2020, F1, in partnership with Amazon Web Services and machine learning, ranked Kovalainen as the 8th fastest Formula One driver in qualifying from 1983 to 2020.[51] This was from a partnership with AWS (Amazon Web Services), who used an algorithm of the performance of every driver compared to their teammates to determine the fastest drivers in F1 qualifying sessions.[51]
He returned to the Race of Champions in2005, defeatingBernd Schneider andFelipe Massa, but was then knocked out in the semi-finals byTom Kristensen.[3] Kovalainen won the Nations Cup with Grönholm in2006, but was eliminated in the individual event at the semi-final stage byMattias Ekström by a mere 0.0002 seconds. In2007, Kovalainen and Grönholm again made the Nations Cup final, where they lost to theGerman team ofMichael Schumacher andSebastian Vettel. Kovalainen beat Vettel in the individual race, before crashing on the finish line in the next round againstAndy Priaulx. He crossed the line out of control, and Priaulx pipped him.
Kovalainen returned to the event in2010, where he withdrew after suffering a concussion in a crash after a heat race againstSébastien Loeb.
Kovalainen took the 2016 GT500 Drivers' Championship title.
In 2015, Kovalainen moved to Japan to compete inSuper GT (GT500 class) withLexus.[52] In hisfirst season of Super GT, he drove theLexus RC F GT500 forSARD withKohei Hirate. Thefollowing year Kovalainen and Hirate won the Super GT championship: after going into the season's closing double header atTwin Ring Motegi in fourth place in the standings, they qualified on pole and led most of the first of the two races before dropping down to second, subsequently taking their only win of the season in the final round to clinch the title. The championship win was Kovalainen's first since winning the Nissan World Series in 2004.[53] After the end of the2021 season, Kovalainen announced that he would retire from the series.[54]
2019 All Japanese Rally Championship, Heikki Kovalainen's first win and his Interview.
Like many of his compatriots, Kovalainen developed an interest in rallying, with him stating it was a "childhood dream".[55] An initial attempt at rallying was made in 2009 to contest theArctic Rally after being released from his "restrictive" contract with McLaren in Formula One, with Kovalainen reportedly set to drive aProton Satria Neo S2000 rally car in the 2010 Arctic Rally;[56] this plan ultimately never came to be as Kovalainen "did not have time to seriously prepare for the rally".[57] He would make his actual rallying debut at the same rally five years later in 2015,[58] finishing third in his class.
Kovalainen's first foray into rallying in Japan came in 2016, entering four events of the Japan Rally Championship with co-driver Sae Kitagawa in aToyota GT86 CS-R3 campaigned bySARD. Kovalainen retired in Hokkaido but finished second in his class at the Shinshiro Rally.[59] Kovalainen would return to the series in 2018 with the same car and co-driver but now competing for Rally Team AICELLO on a part-time schedule, as well as the Japan Super Rally Series in 2019, also with the same car and co-driver. Kovalainen was supposed to compete in the Japan Rally Championship full-time in 2020, but the onset of theCOVID-19 pandemic halted these plans;[60] he only competed in the Chūbu-Kinki Rally that year, winning the rally.[61] He would finally compete full-time in the series in 2021 with Kitagawa in the JN2 class; Kovalainen dominated the championship, achieving a class victory in all six races and clinching the championship with a round to spare.[62]
Following his Super GT exit, Kovalainen concentrated on rallying full-time in the Japan Rally Championship with Rally Team AICELLO, now driving aŠkoda Fabia R5 in the JN1 class. He also announced plans to potentially compete inRally Japan, the final round of theWorld Rally Championship, in a WRC2 car.[62]
Kovalainen was slated to compete in the2021 24 Hours of Le Mans in the #72Porsche 911 RSR-19 for HubAuto Racing, alongside fellow Super GT competitorNick Cassidy and GT racerDries Vanthoor; a clashing commitment caused by the rescheduling of the Suzuka Round of the2021 Super GT Series meant that Kovalainen and Cassidy were ultimately unable to attend.[63] They were replaced byÁlvaro Parente andMaxime Martin. Despite this, Kovalainen stated that he would still be open to racing at Le Mans should an opportunity arise, although the Japan Rally Championship was still his priority.[62]
In 2014, Kovalainen married his English girlfriend Catherine Hyde, with whom he has been in a relationship since 2002. They live inCoppet, Switzerland.[66] In June 2023 they welcomed their first child, a son.
Kovalainen plays thedrums andgolfs in his free time.[67]
Following a routine health check in November 2023, Kovalainen was diagnosed with an ascendingaortic aneurysm.[68] He underwent successful surgery to correct the dilation he had experienced, and recovered to return to racing in a few months.[69]
^コバライネン、最終戦新城ラリーを総合4位 クラス2位のポディウムフィニッシュ [Kovalainen finishes the final round Shinshiro Rally in 4th place overall and 2nd in class].RALLY PLUS (in Japanese). Japan: Rally.net. 9 November 2016. Retrieved3 May 2022.
^コバライネン「どんなラリーも難しいし、僕にとっては練習になる」 [Kovalainen: "Any rally is difficult, so this is practice for me"].RALLY PLUS (in Japanese). Japan: Rally.net. 10 November 2020. Retrieved3 May 2022.