Heihe 黑河市 Хэйхэ | |
|---|---|
 TheAmur River (Heilong Jiang) and Heihe | |
.png) Location of Heihe City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey) | |
  Heihe Location of the city proper in Heilongjiang Show map of Heilongjiang Heihe Heihe (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Heihe Customs):50°14′24″N127°31′16″E / 50.2401°N 127.5210°E /50.2401; 127.5210 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| County-level divisions | 6 |
| Municipal seat | Aihui District |
| Government | |
| • Type | Prefecture-level city |
| • CPC Heihe Secretary | Liu Gang (刘刚) |
| • Mayor | Zhang Enliang (张恩亮) |
| Area | |
| 54,390 km2 (21,000 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,443 km2 (557 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,443 km2 (557 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 1,286,401 | |
| • Density | 23.65/km2 (61.26/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 223,832 |
| • Urban density | 155.1/km2 (401.7/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 223,832 |
| • Metro density | 155.1/km2 (401.7/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 44.7 billion US$ 7.2 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 26,518 US$ 4,258 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 164300 |
| Area code | 0456 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HL-11 |
| Licence plates | 黑N |
| Climate | Dwb |
| Website | www |
| Heihe | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Heihe", as written in Chinese | |||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Chinese | 黑河 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | black river | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ | ||||||
| Romanization | Sahaliyan'ula hoton | ||||||
| Russian name | |||||||
| Russian | Хэйхэ | ||||||
| Aigun | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 瑷珲 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 璦琿 | ||||||
| Postal | Aigun | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᡡᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ | ||||||
| Romanization | Aihūn hoton | ||||||
| Russian name | |||||||
| Russian | Айгунь | ||||||
Heihe (Chinese:黑河;pinyin:Hēihé;lit. 'Black River';Russian: Хэйхэ) is aprefecture-level city of northernHeilongjiang province, China, located on theRussian border, on the south bank of theAmur (Heilong) River, across the river fromBlagoveshchensk. At the 2020 census, 1,286,401 people lived in the prefecture-level city of whom 223,832 lived in the built-up area (or metro) made ofAihui District.
Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the diagonalHeihe–Tengchong Line, which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west.
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Heihe, formerly Aihui or Aigun, is one of the five oldest cities inHeilongjiang, along withQiqihar,Yilan,Acheng andHulan. Human beings started to settle in Heihe region as early as thePaleolithic Age.[2] Later it became home to local tribes. During theQing dynasty, Heihe was the first place troops sent to Heilongjiang were stationed. The predecessor of today's Heihe was the town established by the indigenousDucher people of the Amur Valley in the mid-1650s.[2] It was established some 30 km (19 mi) south of the modern city site[3] (in today'sAihui District) and was known asAigun, Heilongjiang, or Saghalien Ula. (The two last names both mean "the Black Dragon River" – the name for theAmur River in Chinese andManchu, respectively).
After theDucher were evacuated by theQing to theSungari orHurka in the 1650s, the Ducher town was probably vacated. However, in 1683–85 the Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort ofAlbazin.[4] Aigun was the capital (the seat of the military governor) ofHeilongjiang from 1683 to 1690, before the capital was moved toNenjiang (Mergen).[5] After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Qing governor relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles downstream from the original.[6][7] The new site occupied the location of the former village of theDaurian chief named Tolga.[6] The city became known primarily under its Manchu nameSaghalien Ula hoton (Manchu:ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ
ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨsahaliyan ula hoton) and Chinese nameHeilongjiang Cheng (黑龍江城), which both mean "Black River City".[8] Later the governor office was transferred to Qiqihar. However, Aigun remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days.[5]
Aigun was visited around 1709 as a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program by theJesuitsJean-Baptiste Régis,Pierre Jartoux, andXavier Ehrenbert Fridelli,[9] who found it a stronghold, serving as the base of Manchus controlling the Amur River basin.TheAigun Treaty was concluded at Aigun in 1858. According to this treaty, the left bank of theAmur River was conceded toCzarist Russia.
After theXinhai Revolution, Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County by theRepublic of China.On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was established, administering two county-level cities and three counties includingBeian,Wudalianchi,Nenjiang,Sunwu andSunke. Aihui County was abolished, being merged into the Heihe City.[10]
Heihe is located at the South bank of theAmur, opposite to the city ofBlagoveshchensk in Russia'sAmur Oblast. Its jurisdictional area stretches for 54,390 km2 (21,000 sq mi), which spans from 124° 45' to 129° 18' E longitude and 47° 42' to 51° 03' N latitude. Domestically, Heihe City bordersDa Hinggan Ling Prefecture to the north,Yichun to the southeast,Suihua to the south,Qiqihar to the southwest, andHulunbuir (Inner Mongolia) to the west. The Amur has formed the Sino-Russian border since the 1858Aigun Treaty and 1860Treaty of Peking. The area north of the Amur had previouslybelonged to Imperial China.
Heihe experiences a monsoon-influencedhumid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDwb), butDwa in the south of the prefecture, with long, bitterly cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of theSiberian high, and warm, wet summers, due to theEast Asian monsoon. Based on data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is −22.0 °C (−7.6 °F), and July, the warmest month, averages 21.1 °C (70.0 °F), with an average annual temperature +0.92 °C (33.7 °F). Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −44.5 °C (−48 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F).
| Climate data for Heihe (Aihui District), elevation 166 m (545 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 7.1 (44.8) | 20.4 (68.7) | 28.3 (82.9) | 35.1 (95.2) | 39.3 (102.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 35.1 (95.2) | 31.1 (88.0) | 28.2 (82.8) | 12.5 (54.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | 39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) | −9.9 (14.2) | −0.8 (30.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 24.9 (76.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 24.9 (76.8) | 18.9 (66.0) | 8.8 (47.8) | −5.2 (22.6) | −15.3 (4.5) | 7.3 (45.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −16.9 (1.6) | −7.2 (19.0) | 4.5 (40.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 21.6 (70.9) | 19.2 (66.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 2.8 (37.0) | −10.7 (12.7) | −20.6 (−5.1) | 1.3 (34.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −26.2 (−15.2) | −22.6 (−8.7) | −13.3 (8.1) | −1.8 (28.8) | 6.0 (42.8) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 14.3 (57.7) | 6.8 (44.2) | −2.4 (27.7) | −15.3 (4.5) | −24.8 (−12.6) | −4.2 (24.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.5 (−48.1) | −40.9 (−41.6) | −32.8 (−27.0) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −8.4 (16.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | 7.9 (46.2) | 4.0 (39.2) | −5.3 (22.5) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −32.8 (−27.0) | −38.9 (−38.0) | −44.5 (−48.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 5.0 (0.20) | 5.1 (0.20) | 7.0 (0.28) | 23.2 (0.91) | 55.8 (2.20) | 87.5 (3.44) | 147.0 (5.79) | 112.9 (4.44) | 66.4 (2.61) | 27.6 (1.09) | 11.1 (0.44) | 8.1 (0.32) | 556.7 (21.92) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.4 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 10.9 | 12.8 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 11.0 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 109.5 |
| Average snowy days | 10.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 9.7 | 11.2 | 56.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 67 | 62 | 56 | 50 | 54 | 68 | 76 | 78 | 70 | 61 | 66 | 69 | 65 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 174.3 | 208.5 | 256.3 | 245.0 | 257.0 | 263.1 | 249.5 | 232.7 | 219.9 | 192.4 | 165.4 | 153.0 | 2,617.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 65 | 73 | 69 | 59 | 54 | 54 | 51 | 53 | 59 | 59 | 62 | 62 | 60 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[11][12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[13] | |||||||||||||
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aihui District | 爱辉区 | Àihuī Qū | 211,313 | 13,993 | 15.1 |
| Bei'an city | 北安市 | Běi'ān Shì | 436,444 | 6,313 | 69.1 |
| Wudalianchi city | 五大连池市 | Wǔdàliánchí Shì | 326,390 | 9,800 | 33.3 |
| Nenjiang city | 嫩江市 | Nènjiāng shì | 495,519 | 15,360 | 32.3 |
| Xunke County | 逊克县 | Xùnkè Xiàn | 101,411 | 17,020 | 6.0 |
| Sunwu County | 孙吴县 | Sūnwú Xiàn | 102,821 | 4,454 | 23.1 |
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The transportation to and from Heihe is as follows:
The world's first internationalcable car to Blagoveshchensk has also been proposed to open in 2022.[14][15]
West of Heihe, there is anHVDC back-to-back station for realizing an interconnection between the power grids of Russia and China with 750 MW transmission capacity.[citation needed]
Heihe has tourist attractions such as Amur River andWudalianchi Lake [zh] andWudalianchi Volcanic Range [zh], where people can take a trip to local volcanoes. The Old City of Aigun is a famous historical scenic spot, in which theTreaty of Aigun between China and Russia was signed in the 19th century.
Heihe University (黑河学院) has requested the Russianbandy clubSKA Neftyanik to send a coach, offering a one-year contract.[16][failed verification]
Blagoveshchensk,Amur Oblast, RussiaKrasnoyarsk,Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia[17]Yakutsk,Sakha Republic, Russia
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