Although death rates have decreased in Hungary since 1985,life expectancy remains low by European standards, particularly amongRomani people. Almost half the deaths are caused bycardiovascular disease. A tax on some high-sugar foods, introduced in 2011, has encountered opposition from theconfectionery trade.Drinking remains a major health problem, whilesmoking prevalence has greatly decreased. Health, in general, is poorer in the southern and eastern parts of the country.
In 2016Hunbisco produced a critical report on the implementation of the sugar tax which was introduced in Hungary in 2011. It reported that the consumption of products subject to the sugar tax had decreased. They argued that manufacturers now have a smaller budget to explore healthier alternatives to sugar. Innovation and new marketing initiatives have reduced since 2011. The effect of the health tax, in addition to 27% VAT, increases the price of products by as much as 40% and has led to redundancies. They say that the consumption of other products not subject to the tax but with similar nutritional contents, like popcorn, has not dropped. They advocate the abolition of the tax in favor of educational measures.[1]
In 2011 the government passed a new tax levied on food products containing excessive amounts of salt, sugar or caffeine and since 2014 it is illegal to advertise food products containing more than 2% trans-fatty acids.[2]
Despite recent improvements, life expectancy in Hungary is still among the lowest in theEuropean Union.[3]Romani people have a life expectancy up to ten years lower than ethnic Hungarians.[4]
| Year | Life expectancy (years, man/woman) | Infant mortality rate (‰) | Suicide rate (per 100,000 people) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 59.28 / 63.40 | 91.0 | 23.9 |
| 1960 | 65.89 / 70.10 | 47.6 | 26.0 |
| 1970 | 66.31 / 72.08 | 35.9 | 34.6 |
| 1980 | 65.45 / 72.70 | 23.2 | 44.9 |
| 1990 | 65.13 / 73.71 | 14.8 | 39.8 |
| 2001 | 68.15 / 76.46 | 8.1 | 29.2 |
| 2011 | 70.93 / 78.23 | 4.9 | 24.3 |
| 2012 | 71.45 / 78.38 | 4.9 | 23.7 |
| 2013 | 72.01 / 78.73 | 5.1 | 21.1 |
| 2020 | 72.21 / 78.74 | 3.5 | 17.49 |
62,979 deaths (49.4% of all) in Hungary were caused bycardiovascular disease in 2013.[5] The number of cardiovascular disease deaths peaked in 1985 at 79,355, declining continuously since the fall of Communism.[5] The second most important cause of death wascancer with 33,274 (26.2% of all), stagnating since the 1990s.[5] The number ofaccident deaths dropped from 8,760 in 1990 to 3,654 in 2013, and the number ofsuicides from 4,911 in 1983 to 2,093 (21.1 per 100,000 people) in 2013 (the lowest data registered since 1956).[5][6] According toPéter Polt,Chief Prosecutor of Hungary, there were only 133homicides in 2012, which is the lowest number registered in the last 50 years in Hungary.[8] The homicide rate was 1.3 per 100,000 people, which isamong the lowest in the World.
Despite recent improvements,alcoholism is still a major problem in Hungary, inherited from theSocialist era.[9] According toKSH estimates, the number ofalcohol addicts was 1,052,000 (10% of the total population) in 1995, and declined to 432,000 (4.3% of the total population) in 2005.[10] Hungarians drank 9.5 litres of pure alcohol per capita in 2012; in 2005 alcohol consumption took the form of 40%wine, 35%beer, and 24%spirits.[11]). Annual alcohol consumption has remained constant at between 9 and 11.5 liters of pure alcohol since the 1970s.[12]
Smoking also causes significant losses to Hungarian society. 28% of the adult population smoked in 2012, dropping to 25.8% in 2014 due to new regulations.[13] Nationwide smoking bans have been extended to every indoor public place (including pubs), and the sale of tobacco is limited to state-controlled (but privately owned) tobacco shops[14] calledNemzeti dohánybolt (National Tobacco Shop). The number of stores where people can buy tobacco decreased from 40,000–42,000 to 5,300.[15] In 2013WHO gave an award toPrime MinisterViktor Orbán for "accomplishments in the area of tobacco control".[16]
TheHungarian Central Statistical Office measures smoking habits on a five-year basis. In 2019 24,5% of the adult population used tobacco products daily while 55,2% never smoked.[13] Overall the percentage of adults who regularly smoke dropped from 27% in 2009 to 24,5% in 2019. According to theHungarian Society of Cardiology approximately 40,000 people die from smoking-related causes such as cancer.[17] A 2017 study found that primary care doctors provide insufficient treatment to those suffering from nicotine addiction and seeking to quit.[18] Only 2% of smokers received pharmacotherapy while 25% of the participants were treated with brief intervention programs. These findings articulated the need for better guidelines for general practitioners to treat nicotine addiction more effectively.
According to the lastOrszágos Lakossági Egészségfelmérés ("National Population Health Survey") held in 2003 the most healthyregion isWestern Transdanubia and the least is theSouthern Great Plain. There are huge differences between the western and eastern parts of Hungary,heart disease,hypertension,stroke andsuicide is prevalent in the mostlyagricultural and low-income characteristicGreat Plain (can be described as the HungarianStroke Belt), but infrequent in the high-income andmiddle class characteristicWestern Transdanubia.Central Hungary (region ofBudapest) is between east and west by health.[19]