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Headgear,headwear, orheaddress is any element ofclothing which is worn on one'shead, includinghats,helmets,turbans and many other types. Headgear is worn for many purposes, includingprotection against the elements,decoration, or for religious or cultural reasons, includingsocial conventions.
Headgear may be worn forprotection against cold (such as the Canadiantuque), heat, rain and otherprecipitation, glare,sunburn,sunstroke,dust, contaminants, etc.Helmets are worn for protection in battle or against impact, for instance when riding bicycles or motor vehicles.
Headgear can be an article offashion, usuallyhats,caps orhoods. The formal man's black silktop hat was formerly an indispensable portion of the suit, and women's hats have, over the years, attained a fantastic number of shapes ranging from immense confections to no more than a few bits of cloth and decorations piled on top of the head. Some hats, such asDeep Blue Sea, are showpiece creations created more as works of art than as practical items of fashion, and may be worth thousands or millions of dollars.
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Some headgear is worn for religious reasons.
InJudaism, men cover their heads out of reverence forGod. Jewish religious headgear for men include small cloth skull-caps, calledkippahs or yarmulkes. Some men wear them at all times, others only in thesynagogue. In Orthodox andHasidic Judaism, the kippah may also be additionally covered by hats such asfedoras orshtreimels. Traditional marriedJewish women cover their hair in various ways, such as with headscarfs, calledtichels,snoods,shpitzels or wigs, called "sheitels", according to the principles andhalacha oftzniut.
Traditionally, Christian women are required to wear a headcovering as taught in1 Corinthians 11:2–16 (the same text teaches that men are to pray and worship with their head uncovered), which has been practiced since the time of theearly Church and continues to be observed universally in certain denominations, such as inConservative Anabaptist churches.[1][2][3][4] The style of the headcovering varies by region, though the early Church'sApostolic Tradition specifies thatChristian headcovering is to be observed with an "opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen".[5] With respect toChristian clergy, thezucchetto worn byRoman Catholic hierarchs is a skull-cap. Other forms of apostolic headgear include themitre,biretta, tasselled cardinal's hat, and thepapal tiara.Orthodox Christian clergy andmonastics often wear askufia, akamilavkion, or aklobuk. The termred hat, when used within theRoman Catholic Church, refers to the appointment of aCardinal, a senior "Prince of the Church", who is a member of theelectoral college that chooses thePope. On being appointed to the cardinalate, he is said to have received thered hat, or cardinal's biretta. In Lutheranism, many clergy wear theruff and in Anglicanism, theCanterbury cap is popular among pastors.[6]
MaleSikhs are required to wearturbans. Some Sikh women also wear a turban; however it is not a requirement for female Sikhs. Turbans are also worn byMuslims, especiallyShia Muslims, who regard turban-wearing asSunnah Mu'akkadah (confirmed tradition).[7]
InIslam, thehijab, or headscarf, is worn by women because it is considered modest.[4] Muslim men also sometimes wear a skullcap called a "kufi" ortaqiyah (cap), especially during prayers. Headgear differs from culture to culture, and some Muslims' headgear is not related to their religion, such as the turbans worn in Saudi Arabia. Thedoppa, originating in theCaucasus, is worn byKazanTatars,Uzbeks andUyghurs. Muslim men inIndonesia andMalaysia are often seen wearing akopiah, but its use pre-dates the arrival of Islam in the region.
The black satin headgear called or known as "fenta" or "topi" is a pillbox-shaped skullcap, worn byZoroastrians. It is considered by some in the Zoroastrian religion to be of vital spiritual importance. In earlier times, a saucer-shaped, red-and-white-striped kipah was the hallmark of the Zoroastrian.
Buddhist priests inChina wear thebao-tzu (more commonly known as themao-tzu, 帽子Mandarinmàozi), the classic skullcap that is the most like the Jewish tradition. InJapan, the cap is more in the form of a pillbox and is called theboshi (帽子). Though not of ecclesiastical significance, the Buddhist skullcap does denote something about the priest's standing in the community.
Headgear such as crowns and tiaras are worn in recognition of noble status especially among royalty. Wigs are worn traditionally by judges and barristers of Commonwealth nations.[citation needed] Feathered headpieces, such as thewar bonnet ofPlains Indian cultures, are worn by various Native North American and South Americanindigenous peoples.[8]
Other purposes of headgear include:
Bonnets, as worn by women and girls, were hats worn outdoors which were secured by tying under the chin, and often which had some kind of peak or visor. Some styles of bonnets had peaks so large that they effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Bonnets worn by men and boys are generally distinguished from hats by being soft and having no brim—this usage is now rare (they would normally be called caps today, except inScotland where the "bunnet" is common in both civilian life and in theRoyal Regiment of Scotland).
Caps are generally soft and often have no brim or just a peak (like on a baseball cap). For many centuries women wore a variety of head-coverings which were called caps. For example, in the 18th and 19th centuries a cap was a kind of head covering made of a flimsy fabric such asmuslin; it was worn indoors or under a bonnet by married women, or older unmarried women who were "on the shelf" (e.g.mob-cap). Anochipok is part of traditionalUkrainian costume.
Some headgear, such as thecrown,coronet, andtiara, have evolved into jewelry. These headgear are worn as a symbol of nobility or royal status.Kokoshnik is part ofRussian traditional dress, often worn by nobility.
Afillet orcirclet is a round band worn around the head and over the hair. Elaborate and costly versions of these eventually evolved intocrowns, but fillets could be made from woven bands offabric,leather,beads ormetal. Fillets are unisex, and are especially prevalent in archaic toRenaissance dress.
Hairnets are used to prevent loose hair from contaminating food or work areas. Asnood is a net or fabric bag pinned or tied on at the back of a woman's head for holding the hair.Scarves are used to protect styled hair or keep it tidy. Shower caps andswim caps prevent hair from becoming wet or entangled during activity.
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Hats often have a brim all the way around the rim, and may be either placed on the head, or secured with hat-pins (which are pushed through the hat and the hair). Depending on the type of hat, they may be properly worn by men, by women or by both sexes.
Helmets are designed to protect the head, and sometimes the neck, from injury. They are usually rigid, and offer protection from blows. Helmets are commonly worn inbattle, on construction sites and in manycontact sports (most commonly being associated withAmerican football). In most of the United States they are required by law for anyone operating a range of vehicles including motorcycles, and sometimes extending to bicycles and skateboards.
Modernhoods are generally soft headcoverings which are an integral part of a larger garment, like anovercoat,shirt orcloak.
Historically,hoods were either similar to modern hoods, or a separate form of headgear. In medievalEurope hoods with short capes, calledchaperons in French, were extremely common, and later evolved into elaborate and adaptable hats. Women's hoods varied from close-fitting, soft headgear to stiffened, structured hoods (e.g.gable hoods,hennins orFrench hoods) or very large coverings made of material over a frame which fashionable women wore over towering wigs or hairstyles to protect them from the elements (e.g. calash).
Amask is worn over part or all of the face, frequently to disguise the wearer, but sometimes to protect the face. Masks are often worn for pleasure to disguise the wearer atfancy dress parties, masked balls, duringHalloween or other festivals, or as part of an artistic performance. They may also be worn by criminals to prevent recognition or as camouflage while they commit a crime. Masks which physically protect the wearer vary in design, from guard bars across the face in the case of ice hockey goalkeepers, to facial enclosures which purify or control the wearer's air supply, as ingas masks.
Orthodontic headgear is used to control the growth of themaxillary andmandibular bones duringorthodontic treatment. The most common treatment headgear is used to correct anteroposterior discrepancies. The headgear attaches to the braces via metal hooks or a facebow. Straps or a head cap anchor the headgear to the back of the head or neck. In some situations, both are used.[9]
Elastic bands are used to apply pressure to the bow or hooks which is then transferred to the patients teeth and jaw. Its purpose is to slow or stop the upper jaw from growing, thereby preventing or correcting an overjet. Other forms of headgear treat reverse overjets, in which the top jaw is not forward enough.[medical citation needed]
Turbans are headgear, mostly for males, made up from a single piece of cloth which is wrapped around the head in a wide variety of styles. Turban is the best known word in English for a large category of headgear and general head wraps traditionally worn in many parts of the world. All over the worldSikhs wear a turban as religious headgear.
Turbans for women are a popular choice during chemotherapy treatment as an alternative to wigs, hats, headscarves and headbands. Sikh women also wear turbans as a religious practice. Turbans for women made in natural fabrics are both comfortable and functional. The Breast Cancer Care booklet,Breast Cancer and Hair Loss, suggests: "You may want to wear a soft hat or turban in bed to collect loose hairs."[10][11]
Aveil is a piece of sheer fabric that covers all or part of the face. For centuries women covered their hair, neck, ears, chin, and parts of the face with fabric. Each culture created elaborate head wraps for women and men using ashawl,headscarf,kerchief or veil. Very elaborate veiling practices are common inIslam,Africa andEastern Europe. Women who do not cover their head on a regular basis, often use a veil in traditionalwedding andfuneral ceremonies.
Wigs are headpieces made from natural or synthetic hair[12] which may be worn to disguisebaldness or thin hair, or as part of acostume. Atoupee may be worn by a man to cover partial baldness. In mostCommonwealth nations, special wigs are also worn bybarristers,judges, and certainparliamentary officials as a symbol of the office.
The dhari, also spelt dhoeri, is a distinctive headdress worn by men of theTorres Strait Islands, which lie in theTorres Strait between Australia andPapua New Guinea, for dance performances or cultural ceremonies. It is traditionally made with apearl shell orturtle shell in the middle and decorated with white feathers,[13] traditionally from thefrigate bird orTorres Strait pigeon, although now made with a variety of materials.[14] The head is often shaken to produce a shimmering effect while dancing.[15]Dhari, the word used in the eastern islands of the strait, is theMeriam Mir word for "headdress". In the central and western islands, it is known asdhoeri, in theKala Lagaw Ya language of those islands.[15]
The dhari is today a potent symbol forTorres Strait Islander people, and used in theTorres Strait Islander flag.[13][16] Torres Strait Islander artists such asAlick Tipoti[17] andKen Thaiday Snr create dhari as artworks.[18][19]
War bonnets, which usually include an array of feathers, are worn mostly by men in variousPlains Indian cultures in the United States. They are linked to status, culture and ceremony, and have to be given as gifts as a mark of respect for the receiver.[20]
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In theWestern culture derived fromChristian tradition, removing one's headgear is a sign of respect, especially indoors, making oneself more open, humble or vulnerable, much like bowing or kneeling. This is as if to say, "I acknowledge that you are more powerful than I am, I make myself vulnerable to show I pose no threat to you and respect you." Men's hats are removed in Church, and not removing them is usually frowned upon. Women, however, are required to wear a hat to cover the head in some churches based on1 Corinthians 11:5.
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In theJewish tradition, the converse idea equally shows respect for the superior authority of God. Wearing akippah oryarmulke means the wearer is acknowledging the vast gulf of power, wisdom, and authority that separates God from mankind. It is a sign of humility to wear a yarmulke. Jews also may wear a fur hat or a black hat with a brim.
InIslamic etiquette, wearing headgear, traditionally thetaqiyah (cap), is permissible while saying prayers at amosque.[21]
In themilitary, there are specific rules about when and where to wear a hat. Hats are generally worn outdoors only, at sea as well as on land; however, personnel carrying firearms typically also wear their hats indoors. Removing one's hat is also a form ofsalute. Manyschools also have this rule due to the fact that many younger men tend to wear baseball caps and this being in relations togangs depending on the side in which the hat is worn.
A hat can be raised (briefly removed and replaced, with either hand), or"tipped" (touched or tilted forward) as a greeting.
Hippolytus, a leader in the church in Rome around the year 200, compiled a record of the various customs and practices in that church from the generations that preceded him. HisApostolic Tradition contains this statement: "And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering." This written evidence of the course of performance of the early Christians is corroborated by the archaeological record. The pictures we have from the second and third centuries from the catacombs and other places depict Christian women praying with a cloth veil on their heads. So the historical record is crystal clear. It reveals that the early generation of believers understood the head covering to be a cloth veil—not long hair.
One singular thing may be noted in this history, – that with all the vagaries of fashion, woman has never violated the Biblical law that bade her cover her head. She has never gone to church services bareheaded.
Today many people associate rules about veiling and headscarves with the Muslim world, but in the eighteenth century they were common among Christians as well, in line with 1 Corinthians 11:4-13 which appears not only to prescribe headcoverings for any women who prays or goes to church, but explicitly to associate it with female subordination, which Islamic veiling traditions do not typically do. Many Christian women wore a head-covering all the time, and certainly when they went outside; those who did not would have been barred from church and likely harassed on the street. … Veils were, of course, required for Catholic nuns, and a veil that actually obscured the face was also a mark of elite status throughout most of Europe. Spanish noblewomen wore them well into the eighteenth century, and so did Venetian women, both elites and non-elites. Across Europe almost any woman who could afford them also wore them to travel.
And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering. (Apostolic Tradition Part II.18)
The clerk removed his mantle at the conclusion of this part of the service, and he then retired to robe himself in a black gown and high white ruff (the every-day costume of the Lutheran clergy), in which he subsequently delivered his sermon. He also read and chanted in this black gown during a portion of the service.
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