Hassan Rouhani (Persian:حسن روحانی;[note 1] bornHassan Fereydoun,[note 2] 12 November 1948)[7][8] is anIranian politician who served as the seventhpresident of Iran from 2013 to 2021. He is also asharia lawyer ("Wakil"),[9] academic, former diplomat and Islamic cleric. He served as a member of Iran'sAssembly of Experts from 1999[10] to 2024.[11] He was a member of theExpediency Council from 1991 to 2013,[12] and also was a member of theSupreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2021.[3][13]Rouhani was deputy speaker of the fourth and fifth terms of the Parliament of Iran (Majlis) and Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2005.[3] In the latter capacity, he was the country's top negotiator with theEU three, UK, France, and Germany, onnuclear technology in Iran, and has also served as aShiamujtahid (a senior cleric),[14] and economic trade negotiator.[15][16]: 138
On 7 May 2013, Rouhani registered for thepresidential election that was held on 14 June 2013.[17] He campaigned on promises to restore the economy, improve rocky relations withWestern nations, and prepare a "civil rights charter" if elected.[18] He also expressed official support for upholding the rights of ethnic and religious minorities.[19] He was elected asPresident of Iran on 15 June, defeatingTehran mayorMohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and four other candidates;[20][21][22] he took office on 3 August 2013.[23] In 2013,Time magazine named him in its list of the100 Most Influential People in the World.
Rouhani is frequently described as a centrist and reformist. In domestic policy, he encourages personal freedom, free access to information, and has improved women's rights by appointing female foreign ministry spokespeople. He has also improved Iran's diplomatic relations with other countries through exchanging conciliatory letters.[24][25][26] Rouhani wonre-election in the2017 election with 23,636,652 votes (57.1%).[27] He became the third Iranian President, afterMohammad Khatami andMahmoud Ahmadinejad, to win a presidential victory as an incumbent with an increased electoral mandate.
Although Rouhani originally had the support of Iranian Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei during his second term, their relationship soured as Khamenei criticized Rouhani for presumably being too soft in negotiations with the West over theIran nuclear agreement. After his second term, Rouhani was not appointed to any senior role by Khamenei.[28]
Hassan Rouhani was born Hassan Fereydoun on 12 November 1948[8] inSorkheh, nearSemnan, in a religious Persian family.[29] His father, Haj Asadollah Fereydoun (died 2011),[30] had a spice shop in Sorkheh[31] and his mother lived in Semnan until her death in 2015 with her daughters and sons-in-law.[8][32] Asadollah Fereydoun is reported to have been politically active againstMohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, theShah of Iran, and arrested first in 1962, and then more than twenty times before theIranian Revolution in 1979.[33]
Rouhanicontinued his studies atGlasgow Caledonian University inScotland, and graduated in 1995 with anMPhil degree in Law with his thesis entitledThe Islamic legislative power with reference to the Iranian experience and aPhD degree inConstitutional Law in 1999 for a thesis titledThe Flexibility of Shariah (Islamic Law) with reference to the Iranian experience.[35][36] Rouhani's Caledonian research was initially supervised by Iranian lawyer and scholarSayed Hassan Amin and later by Islamic law scholar Mahdi Zahraa.[37]
The website of the Center for Strategic Research, a think-tank headed by Rouhani, misattributed his doctorate toGlasgow University rather thanGlasgow Caledonian University and confusion ensued as a result on whether he was a graduate of either university, especially as he was known during his student years by his birth name "Hassan Fereydoun".[38]Glasgow Caledonian University carried out an internal investigation to confirm Rouhani's alumnus status and after confirming it, it published Rouhani's theses abstracts and a video showing him being capped, as Scottish academic tradition provides, during the university's 1999 graduation ceremony.[39][40]
Allegations regarding Rouhani's plagiarism were first raised in 2013 when it was claimed that he had probably "lifted" sentences from a book by Afghan authorMohammad Hashim Kamali.Glasgow Caledonian University, Rouhani's graduation school, argued that the sentences were both cited properly. The issue was raised again amid2017 Iranian presidential election when a student campaign claimed that they had for the first time investigated Rouhani's whole thesis using plagiarism detection tooliThenticate and that chapters one through four of Rouhani's thesis had been plagiarized at least 39%, 43%, 40% and 82%, respectively. Ayatollah Ali Akbar Kalantari, a member of theAssembly of Experts,Shiraz University faculty member and one of the alleged victims, said that "major segments" of Chapter 4 of Rouhani's thesis had been translated from his book without being referenced.[41]
ReformistSadegh Zibakalam accused Rouhani's rival of politicizing the case right before the elections.Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi, head ofIranian Parliament's Commission on Education and Research, said that he had found major plagiarisms in chapter 4 of Rouhani's thesis and that the case would be investigated inEducation and Research Commission.[41] 50 student-run organizations[42] as well as Shiraz University faculty professors asked Ali Akbar Kalantari to prosecute the case in separate letters.[43]
Rouhani married his cousin,Sahebeh Erabi,[44] who is six years younger, when he was around 20 years old[32][45] and has four children (one son and three daughters).[46] Rouhani's wife changed her last name from "Еrabi" (Persian:عربی) to "Rouhani" some time after marriage.[31] Born in 1954, she is not politically active.[44]The Guardian and theFinancial Times reported that Rouhani also had a fifth child, a son who died in unknown circumstances.[47][48] Based on a comment by journalistAlireza Nourizadeh, some sources reported that he committed suicide "in protest of his father's close connection with Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei".[49][50] This claim, apparently originating from Nourizadeh's report in the Saudi-owned newspaperAsharq Al-Awsat, included the following text which allegedly came from the son'ssuicide note: "I hate your government, your lies, your corruption, your religion, your double standard and your hypocrisy...I was forced to lie to my friends each day, telling them that my father isn't part of all of this. Telling them my father loves this nation, whereas I believe this to be untrue. It makes me sick seeing you, my father, kiss the hand of Khamenei."[51][52]
Rouhani surrounded by his family at his father's funeral, Noor mosque, Tehran on 5 October 2011
Rouhani has three sisters and a brother.[32] Rouhani's brother,Hossein Fereydoun, is also a diplomat and politician, a former governor, ambassador,[53] and former Vice Minister of Intelligence.[54] He was Rouhani's representative toIRIB in arrangements for presidential debates.[55]Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, in a memoir dated 15 May 1982, mentions Hossein Fereydoun as the then governor ofKaraj.[56] Rafsanjani later briefly mentions Fereydoon in a memoir dated 31 March 1984: "In Karaj, something has happened about Mr. Ferydoon Rouhani."[57]
He was born Hassan Fereydoun (orFereydun, in reference to a just king inPersian mythology,Persian:حسن فریدون,Persian pronunciation:[hæˌsæn-efeɾejˈdun]) and later changed his last name toRouhani, which means 'spiritual' or 'cleric';[58] alsotransliterated asRowhani,Ruhani, orRohani). It is not clear when he officially changed his last name. He was named as "Hassan Fereydoun Rouhani" (Persian:حسن فریدون روحانی) in a list ofMajlis representatives on 5 July 1981,[59] while photos of his identification card (in Persian transliteration:shenasnameh) taken around his presidential campaign in 2013 only say "Rouhani" is his last name.[8]
Political activities before the Iranian Revolution
As a young cleric, Hassan Rouhani started his political activities by following theAyatollah Ruhollah Khomeini during the beginning of the Iranian Islamist movement. In 1965, he began traveling throughout Iran making speeches against the government of theMohammad Reza Pahlavi, theShah (king) of Iran. During those years he was arrested many times and was banned from delivering public speeches.[9]: 232
In November 1977, during a public ceremony held at Tehran's Ark Mosque to commemorate the death of Mostafa Khomeini (the elder son of the Ayatollah Khomeini), Rouhani used the title "Imam" for the Ayatollah Khomeini, the then exiled leader of the Islamist movement, for the first time.[9]: 375 [29] It has been suggested that the title has been used for Khomeini by others before, including by theGrand AyatollahMohammad Baqir al-Sadr, although Rouhani was influential in publicizing the title.[60][61][62]
Following the 1979Iranian Revolution, Rouhani, who had been engaged in revolutionary struggles for about two decades, did his best to stabilize the nascentIslamic Republic and as a first step, he started with organizing the disorderly Iranian army and military bases.[9]: 515 He was elected to the Majlis, theParliament of Iran, in 1980.During five terms in the Majlis and for a total of 20 years (from 1980 to 2000), he served in various capacities including deputy speaker of the Majlis (in 4th and 5th terms), as well as the head of defense committee (1st and 2nd terms), and foreign policy committee (4th and 5th terms).[29]
Among responsibilities shouldered by him in the post-revolution era was leadership of the supervisory council of theIslamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) from 1980 to 1983.[3] In July 1983, while Rouhani was heading the council, the council members and Rouhani had conflicts[63] withMohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani the then head of IRIB, which led to the temporary replacement of Hashemi by first Rouhani and then immediatelyMohammad Javad Larijani.[64] The conflict was resolved by the Ayatollah Khomeini intervening and insisting on Rafsanjani staying as the head of IRIB.[65]
Rouhani after being elected as a member of the parliament
During theIran–Iraq War, Rouhani was a member of the Supreme Defense Council (1982–1988), member of the High Council for Supporting War and headed its executive committee (1986–1988), deputy commander of the war (1983–1985), commander of the Khatam-ol-Anbiya Operation Center (1985–1988), and commander of the Iran Air Defense Force (1986–1991).[3] He was appointed as Deputy to Second-in-Command of Iran's Joint Chiefs of Staff (1988–1989).[3]
WhenRobert C. McFarlane, Reagan's national security adviser, came to Tehran in May 1986, Rouhani was one of the three people who talked to McFarlane about buying weapons. Eventually, this weapons sale became known as theIran–Contra affair.[66][67]
At the end of the war, Hassan Rouhani was awarded the second-gradeFath (Victory) Medal along with a group of commanders of the Iranian Army and theRevolutionary Guards. In another ceremony on the occasion of the liberation ofKhoramshahr, he and a group of other officials and military commanders who were involved in the war with Iraq were awarded first-gradeNasr Medal by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Ayatollah Khamenei.
After the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was amended and theSupreme National Security Council (SNSC) came into being up to the present time, he has been representative of the Supreme Leader,Ayatollah Khamenei, at the council.[3] Rouhani was the first secretary of the SNSC and kept the post for 16 years from 1989 to 2005. He was also national security advisor – to PresidentHashemi and PresidentKhatami – for 13 years from 1989 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2005.[3] In 1991, Rouhani was appointed to theExpediency Council and has kept that post up to the present time. He heads the Political, Defense, and Security Committee of the Expediency Council.[3]
After theIran student protests, July 1999 he, as secretary of Supreme National Security Council, stated in a pro-government rally that "At dusk yesterday we received a decisive revolutionary order to crush mercilessly and monumentally any move of these opportunist elements wherever it may occur. From today our people shall witness how in the arena our law enforcement force . . . shall deal with these opportunists and riotous elements, if they simply dare to show their faces."[69] and led the crackdown.[70]
In the midterm elections for the third term of theAssembly of Experts which was held on 18 February 2000, Rouhani was elected to theAssembly of Experts fromSemnan Province. He was elected asTehran Province's representative to the Assembly's fourth term in 2006 and is still serving in that capacity. He was the head of the political and social committee of the assembly of experts (from 2001 to 2006), member of the presiding board, and head of Tehran office of the secretariat of the assembly (from 2006 to 2008). On 5 March 2013, he was elected as a member of the Assembly's "Commission for investigating ways of protecting and guardingVelayat-e Faqih".[71]
In addition to executive posts, Rouhani kept up his academic activities. From 1995 to 1999, he was a member of the board of trustees of Tehran Universities and North Region. Rouhani has been running the Center for Strategic Research since 1991. He is the managing editor of three academic and research quarterlies in Persian and English, which includeRahbord (Strategy),Foreign Relations, and theIranian Review of Foreign Affairs.
Iran-EU three's first meeting, Tehran, Iran, 21 October 2003Rouhani, 29 January 2005
Rouhani was secretary of theSupreme National Security Council (SNSC) for 16 years. His leading role in the nuclear negotiations which brought him the nickname of "Diplomat Sheikh", first given to him by the nascentSharq newspaper in November 2003 and was frequently repeated after that by domestic and foreign Persian-speaking media. His career at the council began under PresidentHashemi Rafsanjani and continued under his successor, PresidentKhatami. Heinonen, former senior IAEA official, said that Rouhani used to boast of how he had used talks with Western powers to "buy time to advance Iran's programme."[72] His term as Iran's top nuclear negotiator, however, was limited to 678 days (from 6 October 2003 to 15 August 2005). That period began with international revelations about Iran's nuclear energy program and adoption of a strongly worded resolution by theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In June 2004, the board of governors of the IAEA issued a statement which was followed by a resolution in September of the same year, which focused on Iran's nuclear case with the goal of imposing difficult commitments on Iran. That development was concurrent with the victory of the United States in Iraq war and escalation of war rhetoric in the region. The international community was experiencing unprecedented tensions as a result of which Iran's nuclear advances were considered with high sensitivity.[16]: 120–126
As tensions increased and in view of the existing differences between Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs andAtomic Energy Organization, a proposal was put forth by the foreign minister,Kamal Kharazi, which was accepted by the president and other Iranian leaders. According to that proposal, a decision was made to establish a politically, legally, and technically efficient nuclear team with Hassan Rouhani in charge. The team was delegated with special powers in order to formulate a comprehensive plan for Iran's interactions with the IAEA and coordination among various concerned organizations inside the country. Therefore, on the order of President Khatami with the confirmation ofAli Khamenei, Hassan Rouhani took charge of Iran's nuclear case on 6 October 2003.[16]: 138–140 Subsequently, negotiations between Iran andthree European states started atSa'dabad Palace inTehran and continued in later months inBrussels, Geneva and Paris.
Rouhani and his team, whose members had been introduced byAli Akbar Velayati and Kharazi as the best diplomats in the Iranian Foreign Ministry,[16]: 109, 141 based their efforts on dialogue and confidence building due to political and security conditions. As a first step, they prevented further escalation of accusations against Iran in order to prevent reporting Iran's nuclear case to theUnited Nations Security Council. Therefore, and for the purpose of confidence building, certain parts of Iran's nuclear activities were voluntarily suspended at several junctures.
In addition to building confidence, insisting on Iran's rights, reducing international pressures and the possibility of war, and preventing Iran's case from being reported to the UN Security Council, Iran succeeded in completing itsnuclear fuel cycle and took groundbreaking steps.[16]: 660–667 However, decisions made by the nuclear team under the leadership of Rouhani were criticized by certain circles in later years.[73][74]
Following the election ofMahmoud Ahmadinejad as president, Rouhani resigned his post as secretary of the Supreme National Security Council after 16 years on 15 August 2005,[16]: 594, 601 and was succeeded byAli Larijani as the new secretary who also took charge of Iran's nuclear case. Larijani, likewise, could not get along with the policies of the new government and resigned his post on 20 October 2007, to be replaced bySaeed Jalili. Rouhani then was appointed by the Supreme Leader as his representative at the SNSC.[75]
Rouhani was considered a leading candidate in the June election because of his centrist views yet close ties to Iran's ruling clerics and theGreen Movement.[citation needed] He announced his presidential candidacy on 11 March 2013 and registered as a presidential candidate on 7 May. Amid the run-up to the election, former presidentsMohammad Khatami andAkbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, together withreformists supported Rouhani on the presidential race after pro-reform candidateMohammad Reza Aref dropped out of the presidential race after Khatami advised him to quit in favor of Rouhani.[77] On 10 June,Mehr news agency andFars news agency, suggested that Rouhani might be disqualified prior to the election[78] andThe Washington Post, in an editorial, predicted that Rouhani "will not be allowed to win".[79] On 15 June 2013, Interior MinisterMostafa Mohammad Najjar announced the results of the election, with a total number of 36,704,156 ballots cast; Rouhani won 18,613,329 votes, while his main rivalMohammad Bagher Ghalibaf secured 6,077,292 votes.[80][81] Rouhani performed well with both the middle class and youth, even garnering majority support in religious cities such asMashhad andQom (an important seat of Shia Islam and the clergy, many of whom surprisingly do not support conservatives)[82] as well as small towns and villages.[20] Rouhani's electoral landslide victory was widely seen as the result of theGreen Movement from the2009 elections, with crowds chanting pro-reform slogans. Religious Iranians equally celebrated Rouhani's victory, demonstrating what analysts described as a thorough rejection of the policies of the conservative factions.[20]
Rouhani saw off a strong challenge from hardlineEbrahim Raisi at the2017 election, a fellow cleric with radically different politics, who stirred up populist concerns about the sluggish economy, lambasted Rouhani for seeking foreign investment and appealed to religious conservatives. He had gathered momentum as conservatives keen to win back control of the government coalesced behind Raisi's initially lacklustre campaign. His other rivals wereMostafa Mir-Salim andMostafa Hashemitaba.
Rouhani ultimately won the election in a landslide, providing a ringing endorsement of his efforts to re-engage with the West and offer greater freedoms.[83] He received 23,636,652 of the votes,[27] in an election that had 73.07% turnout.
In his press conference one day after election day, Rouhani reiterated his promise to recalibrate Iran's relations with the world. He promised greater openness and to repair the country's international standing, offering greater nuclear transparency in order to restore international trust.[84] Revolutionary Guards Major General Mohammad Jafari criticised Rouhani's administration. "The military, systems and procedures governing the administrative system of the country are the same as before, [but it] has been slightly modified and unfortunately infected by Western doctrine, and a fundamental change must occur. The main threat to the revolution is in the political arena and the Guards cannot remain silent in the face of that." In May 2017, Rouhani was re-elected as president with 23.5 million votes.[85]
He was announced the winner on the day following the election. He received his presidential precept from his predecessor,Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 3 August 2013 and enteredSa'dabad Palace in a private ceremony. His work as president officially began on the same day at 17:00IRDT. He was inaugurated as the seventh president of Iran on 4 August inHouse of the Parliament.[86]
Rouhani announced his cabinet on 4 August. He had a ten-day mandate for introducing his cabinet members to the parliament but he did not use this. Then, parliament voted on his cabinet, which was scheduled on 14–19 August. Between three reformist politicians (Mohammad Reza Aref,Eshaq Jahangiri orMohammad Shariatmadari) that were likely for the vice presidency, Rouhani appointed former industries minister as vice-president.[87] There were also many candidates for the ministry of foreign affairs:Ali Akbar Salehi,Kamal Kharazi,Sadegh Kharazi,Mohammad Javad Zarif andMahmoud Vaezi but Zarif became Rouhani's final nominee.[88] Although several names were being circulated for the other ministerial posts before the final announcement, the office of president-elect denied these speculations. On 23 July 2013, it was reported that eight members of Rouhani's cabinet had been finalized:Jahangiri as first vice president,Zarif as foreign minister,Rahmani Fazli as interior minister,Tayebnia as finance minister,Dehghan as defense minister,Namdar Zanganeh as petroleum minister,Najafi as education minister,Chitchian as energy minister,Nematzadeh as industries minister, Hassan Hashemi as health minister andAkhondi as transportation minister.[89] This become official after Rouhani presented the list of his ministry nominates to the parliament on his inauguration day. He also appointedMohammad Nahavandian as his chief of staff.
Rouhani with First Vice President,Eshaq Jahangiri, after a cabinet meeting
The economic policy of Hassan Rouhani focuses on the long-term economic development of Iran. It deals with increasing thepurchasing power of the public, economic growth,raising sufficient funds, implementation of the general policies of 44th Principle of theConstitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and improving the business environment in the short term.[90] Rouhani believes that improving the economic conditions of the people should be accomplished by boosting the purchasing power of the people, reducing thewealth gap. He also thinks that equitable distribution of national wealth and economic growth lead to all mentioned economic goals. He states that ifnational wealth was not created,poverty would be distributed. National wealth creation causes an increase in realincome per capita and equitable distribution of wealth. His plan is targeted to increase direct and indirect assistance to low-income groups.[91]
Rouhani is urgently going to regenerate theManagement and Planning Organization of Iran. His economic policies also comprise optimal distribution ofsubsidies, control ofliquidity and inflation, speeding economic growth and reducing import. He believes that inflation results in damaging effects on the economy of families and hopes to deflate that inForesight and Hope Cabinet.[92]
Rouhani plans urgent economic priorities such as control of high inflation, increasing purchasing power and cutting down high unemployment.[93]
According to a March 2014 report byCenter for International Media Assistance, since Rouhani takeover in 2013, "Censorship of the Internet has only gotten worse, but it's more and more clear that Rouhani does not have complete control over this process".[94]
Regarding internet censorship, he has stated: "Gone are the days when a wall could be built around the country. Today there are no more walls." He has also criticizedIslamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting for showing trivial foreign news, while ignoring pressing national matters.[95] Rouhani also appeared to pledge his support for increasingInternet access and other political and social freedoms. In an interview, he said: "We want the people, in their private lives, to be completely free, and in today's world having access to information and the right of free dialogue, and the right to think freely, is the right of all peoples, including the people of Iran."[96]
Rouhani is a supporter ofwomen's rights. In a speech after he was elected as the President of Iran, he said:
There must be equal opportunities for women. There is no difference between man and woman in their creation, in their humanity, in their pursuit of knowledge, in their understanding, in their intelligence, in their religious piety, in serving God and in serving people.[98]
Rouhani's government appointedElham Aminzadeh,Shahindokht Molaverdi andMasoumeh Ebtekar as vice presidents; as well asMarzieh Afkham, the first female spokesperson for the foreign ministry. Rouhani has promised to set up a ministry for women. Many women's rights activists, however, are reluctant about a ministry for women; because they feel that this ministry may isolate women's issues. It has also been suggested that Rouhani will require a deputy minister position within each ministry to address gender issues and issues pertaining to women.[99]
Critics say that little has changed in domestic policy since Rouhani took office. Iranian authorities executed 599 people during Rouhani's first 14 months in power, compared with 596 during the last year in office of his predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Iran has the highest number of executions anywhere in the world, apart from China.[101] Nobel Peace Prize winnerShirin Ebadi has criticized Rouhani's human rights record. She cited the increase in executions,Abdolfattah Soltani's hunger strike, and the continued house arrest ofMir Hossein Mousavi andMahdi Karroubi. An Iranian spokesperson said Ebadi's comments would end up provoking animosity towards Iran.[102][103][104]
In 2015, Rouhani appointedMarzieh Afkham andSaleh Adibi, as the first female since the 1979 (the second in history) and the firstSunniKurd respectively, to hold office as ambassadors.[105][106]
Rouhani's foreign policy has been contained by the conservatism ofIranian Principlists, who fear change, while also realizing it is necessary. Furthermore, Iran's foreign policy, which was deadlocked by the efforts of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, needs new predecessor by cautious and decisive efforts of Rouhani.[clarification needed] The main task of Rouhani is only to develop dialogues between Iran and Political rivals includingP5+1. This course can help lift sanctions that damaged the Iranian economy.[107]
In March 2015, Rouhani sent a letter toPresident Obama and the heads of the other five countries negotiating with Iran, explaining Iran's stance. He announced it on his Twitter account. The US National Security Council confirmed that the letter had been passed on to the U.S. negotiating team, but its contents were not released. Rouhani also spoke by phone with the leaders of all the nations involved in the negotiations, except for the United States.[108]
Rouhani with Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi, 23 May 2016
Rouhani's visit to New York City in September 2013 was hailed[who?] as major progress in Iran's relations with the United States. He previously said that his government is ready to hold talks with the United States after thirty-two years. Rouhani denied reports that during his trip he had refused a meeting with U.S. PresidentBarack Obama,[112] and felt more time was needed to coordinate such a meeting.[112] On 27 September 2013, a day after the two countries foreign ministers met during theP5+1 and Iran talks,Rouhani had a phone call with President Obama that marked two countries' highest political exchange since 1979.[112][113][114] However, due to this phone call Rouhani was protested by conservatives who chanted "death to America" when he returned to Tehran.[112]
In February 2019, Rouhani condemned the United States for trying to toppleIran's ally, Venezuelan PresidentNicolás Maduro.[115]
On 3 January 2020, the second most powerful person in Iran,Qasem Soleimani, waskilled by the United States, which considerably heightened the existing tensions between the two countries. Rouhani said that Iran "will take revenge".[116]
It is generally assumed that he will follow the ruling establishment in completely supportingBashar al-Assad, Syria's contentious president, in theSyrian Civil War, as well as "strengthening theShia Crescent" that runs from southern Lebanon, through Syria, Iraq and into Iran.[118] In his first press conference after winning the presidential election, Rouhani said that "the ultimate responsibility to resolve the Syrian civil war should be in the hands of the Syrian people."[119]
On Iran's relationship to Saudi Arabia, Rouhani wrote that during the Khatami administration, he, as the secretary-general of the National Security Council at that time, reached "a comprehensive and strategic agreement" with the Saudis, but that this agreement was not upheld during theAhmadinejad government. Specifically, while discussing the episode, he stated:
there was a consensus [during Khatami's administration] that we should have good relations with Saudi Arabia. No one within the nezaam [regime] was opposed to it. I went to Saudi Arabia for the first time in 1998. At that time Saudi Arabia had accused us of involvement in theKhobar Towers bombing. I went to Saudi Arabia as the secretary-general of the SNSC. From their side, [Minister of Interior]Nayef bin Abdulaziz took part in the negotiations. The negotiations began at 10 p.m. and lasted until 5 a.m. the next morning. We finally agreed on a security agreement. I returned to Saudi Arabia in [early] 2005, and had extensive discussions about the region, mutual problems between us, and the nuclear issue. We agreed with Nayef to form four committees. They were supposed to convene every few months and pursue the issues. After I left [the post of] secretary-general, none of the committees were formed and there were no meetings.[123]
— Hassan Rouhani,Sterateji-ye Amniat-e Melli Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran (National Security Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran)
Rouhani has describedIsrael as "an occupier and usurper government" that "does injustice to the people of the region, and has brought instability to the region, with its warmongering policies",[125] and a "cancerous tumor established by Western countries to advance their interests in the Middle East."[126]
When asked in an interview with CNN to clarify his opinion about theHolocaust, Rouhani replied: "... in general, I can tell you that any crime that happens in history against humanity, including the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non-Jews is reprehensible and condemnable. Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews, we condemn".[127] The live translation of his statements included explicit mention of the Holocaust, leading to media reports that he had acknowledged its existence, in contrast to the persistentdenial of his predecessor.[128] However,Iranian state media contradicted this, accusing CNN of deliberate mistranslation. Independent translations, including one by theWall Street Journal, supported the position that Rouhani had not explicitly accepted the Holocaust's existence.[128][129]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2020)
According to a poll conducted in March 2016 byInformation and Public Opinion Solutions LLC (iPOS) among Iranian citizens, Rouhani had 75% approval and 12% disapproval ratings and thus a +54% net popularity, making him the second most popular politician in Iran, afterMohammad Javad Zarif with +69% net popularity. Rouhani surpassedHassan Khomeini (+52%),Mohammad Khatami (+43%) andAkbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (+38%) who took the following places. The firm stated with 95% confidence that the margin of sampling error was ±3 percentage points.[131]
Rouhani began his presidency in November 2013 with approval and disapproval ratings near 58% and 27% respectively,[132] according toInformation and Public Opinion Solutions LLC (iPOS) which was assessing it on a quarterly basis. It gradually fell to 48% and he recorded a 33% disapproval rating in May 2015.[132]His job approval rose afterJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action, according to a survey conducted byIranPoll for theUniversity of Maryland's Center for International and Security Studies (CISSM), standing at 88% with a large majority (61%) expressing a "very favorable view" of him (up from 51% in July 2014) and a ±3.2 margin of sampling error. The poll also indicated Rouhani would have a "tough challenge" in maintaining the support due to the fact that people had high economic expectations from the deal, and it could become hisAchilles' heel.[133]iPOS recorded a 54% approval and 24% disapproval days after the deal in August 2015.[132] The trend continued until February 2016, with 67% and 18% approval and disapproval ratings, marking his highest level since taking office.[134]
On 24 January 2024, Rouhani said that he had been excluded by theGuardian Council from its shortlist of candidates for elections to theAssembly of Experts to be held in March 2024. He criticized the decision, saying that "the minority that rules officially and publicly wants to reduce people’s participation in elections."[137]
In 2024, Rouhani criticised the reinstatement ofIran's morality police and the implementation of the "Noor plan" by law enforcement authorities. He expressed shock over thehijab law approved by the Guardian Council which predicted severe punishment for those violating it, saying that it "aligns neither with theConstitution, nor with justice, nor with theQur'an andIslamic culture."[138][139]
Rouhani is considered to be a moderate and pragmatic politician.[20] In 2000, theWashington Institute for Near East Policy described him as "power-hungry".[140] He was elected as president with heavy reformist support, and he pledged to follow through with reformist demands and to bridge divides between reformists and conservatives.[141]
Having the rank of research professor at Iran's Center for Strategic Research, he has written many books and articles in Persian, English and Arabic, including the following:[3]
Persian
Islamic Revolution: Roots and Challenges (انقلاب اسلامی؛ ریشهها و چالشها), June 1997,ISBN9649102507
Fundaments of Political Thoughts of Imam Khomeini (مبانی تفکر سیاسی امام خمینی), July 1999
Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 1: The Islamic Revolution (خاطرات دکتر حسن روحانی؛ جلد اول: انقلاب اسلامی), February 2008,ISBN9786005914801
Introduction to Islamic Countries (آشنایی با کشورهای اسلامی), November 2008
Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 1: Conceptual Framework (اندیشههای سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد اول: مبانی نظری), December 2009,ISBN9789649539409
Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 2: Foreign Policy (اندیشههای سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد دوم: سیاست خارجی), December 2009,ISBN9789649539416
Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 3: Cultural and Social Issues (اندیشههای سیاسی اسلام؛ جلد سوم: مسائل فرهنگی و اجتماعی), December 2009,ISBN9789649539423
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An Introduction to the History of Shia' Imams (مقدمهای بر تاریخ امامان شیعه), March 2012,ISBN9786005914948
Age of Legal Capacity and Responsibility (سن اهلیت و مسئولیت قانونی), October 2012,ISBN9786002900135
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Narration of Foresight and Hope (روایت تدبیر و امید), March 2013
National Security and Foreign Policy (امنیت ملی و سیاست خارجی), May 2013
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