Hasan 'Ala Zikrihi's-Salam: حسن على ذكره السلام 23rd Ismaili Nizari Imam Hasan 'Ala Zikrihi's-Salam | |
|---|---|
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| Born | 1142/1145 AD |
| Died | 1166 AD |
| Resting place | Lambsar Castle |
| Other names | Malik'es-Selâm (Lord of Peace), Malik'ûl-Kulûb (Lord of Hearts) |
| Term | 1164–1166 |
| Predecessor | Hasan al-Qahir |
| Successor | Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad |
Ḥasan ʿAlā Zikrihi's-Salām[1] (Persianحسن على ذكره السلام) orHassan II was the hereditaryImam of theNizari Isma'ilis of the Alamut Period from 1162 until 1166. From his capital ofAlamut he ruled parts ofPersia andSyria. His chief subordinate in Syria wasRashid ad-Din Sinan, the Old Man of the Mountain.[2]
There are conflicting reports of Hassan's origin. One of the only historical reference extant, Juwayni (who was hostile to Ismailis), claims that Hassan was the son ofMuhammad ibn Buzurg-Ummid, Fatimid dai and lord of Alamut. According to Juwayni's reports, Hassan first implicitly claimed the imamate and then claimed to be the caliph himself.[3] However, Nizari sources generally claim an Alid descent for Hassan, and believe that Hassan ibn Muhammad ibn Buzurg-Ummid is distinct from Hassan II of Alamut.
In 1164 Hassan, leading theNizari sect ofIsmaili Islam, proclaimed theQiyamat, theabrogation ofSharia law. The concept ofQiyamah in exoteric Islam means the End of the World and the Day of Judgment. But in the esoteric interpretations of Ismaili Islam, Qiyamah is the beginning of an era of spiritual renaissance where the spiritual dimensions of Islam will be practiced openly, spiritual truths will become widely known, and certain ritualistic aspects of Islam will be abrogated. Fatimid Ismaili texts from the 10th-11th century describe the anticipated arrival of theQiyamah era by a future Fatimid Ismaili Imam. These expectations were fulfilled by the declaration ofQiyamah by Imam Hasan.[4]
Only two years after his accession, the Imām Hasan ‘Alā Zikrihi's Salām conducted a ceremony known asqiyama (resurrection) at the grounds of theAlamut Castle, whereby the Imām would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of theNizārī Ismā'īlī state. GivenJuwayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned theIsmā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved inRashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab Baba-yi Sayyidna, written 60 years after the event, and the later Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century AD. However, Rashid al-Din's narrative is based onJuwayni,[5] and the Nizari sources do not go into specific details.[6] Since very few contemporary Nizari Ismaili accounts of the events has survived, and it is likely that scholars will never know the exact details of this event. However, there was no total abrogation of all law – only certain exoteric rituals like the Salah/Namaz, Fasting in Ramadan, Hajj to Makkah and facing Makkah in prayer were abrogated; however the Nizaris continued to perform rituals of worship, except these rituals were more esoteric and spiritually oriented. For example, the true prayer is to remember God at every moment; the true fasting is to keep all of the body's organs away from whatever is unethical and forbidden. Ethical conduct is enjoined at all times.[7]
The Imām Hasan died a violent death[8] in 1166, only a year and a half after the declaration of theqiyama. According toJuwayni, he was stabbed in the Ismaili castle ofLambsar by his brother-in-law, Hasan Namwar. He was succeeded by his son ImāmNūr al-Dīn Muhammad, who refined and explained Hasan's doctrine ofqiyamah in greater detail.
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Ḥasan ʿAlā Zikrihi's-Salām Clan of theBanu Quraish Born: 1142/1145C.E Died: 1166C.E. | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byasda'i) | 4th ruler of theNizari Ismaili state and commander ofAlamut Castle 1164–1166 | Succeeded by |
| Shia Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by | 23rdImam ofNizari Isma'ilism 1164–1166 | Succeeded by |