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| HaShomer | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1909–1920 |
| Country |  Ottoman Empire Mandatory Palestine |
| Allegiance |  Yishuv |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Role | Defense of Jewish settlements |
Hashomer (Hebrew:השומר, 'The Watchman') was aJewish defense organization inPalestine founded in April 1909. It was an outgrowth of theBar-Giora group and was disbanded after the founding of theHaganah in 1920. Hashomer was responsible for guarding Jewish settlements in theYishuv, freeing Jewish communities from dependence upon foreign consulates and Arab watchmen for their security. It was headed by a committee of three:Israel Shochat, Israel Giladi andMendel Portugali.
Hashomer was originated bySocialist Zionists,[1] mostly members ofPoale Zion, includingIsrael Shochat,Manya Shochat,Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Ben-Zvi's wifeRachel Yanait, several of whom had earlier formed a small secret guard society calledBar-Giora, which guarded the Sejera commune (nowIlaniya) and Mes'ha (nowKfar Tavor).[1] Bar-Giora was founded on September 29, 1907, by Israel Shochat,Alexander Zaïd, Yehezkel Henkin in the apartment of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi which was inJaffa. Less than two years later, on April 12, 1909, the Bar-Giora leadership decided at a meeting in Kfar Tavor to disband their organization and create a larger one,Hashomer. While earlier settlers had undertaken to defend their lands and communities, Hashomer was the first attempt to provide an organized defence for all the Jewish communities in Palestine. By 1910 Yehezkel Henkin was the first of the Shomer people to ride horseback so he became a riding guard. He taught other “Watchmen” how to ride. This prompted the committee to buy him a horse that he named "Tzipora".
In the autumn of 1911Manya Shochat wrote, on behalf of Hashomer, toMenachem Ussishkin inOdessa asking for money. In her letter she stated that in 1910 Hashomer had “35 watchmen, 23 infantry and 12 cavalry”, and were guarding six colonies inGalilee as well asHadera.[2]
A serious obstacle was the lack of funds with which to buy arms. OnYehoshua Hankin's advice, they askedEliahu Krause, the manager at Sejera, to lend them the money. The first guns were bought, several of the members refusing to part from them even for a moment.
They adopted local dress, and many of the customs of theBedouins,Druze andCircassians. They also drew inspiration from the history of theCossacks. The first fewshomrim (guards), worked on foot, but soon acquired horses, which vastly increased their effectiveness. Mendel Portugali laid down the rules of engagement.
You do not seek an encounter with the thief; you chase him off, and only when you have no choice do you shoot. After all, he is out to steal a bag of grain, not to murder you, so don't murder him, drive him off. Don't sleep at night. If you hear footsteps, fire into the distance. If you feel he is a few steps away and you can fire without him falling upon you, fire into the distance. Only if your life is in danger—fire.
Guns used were the same as the locals', which included the 'jift', a single, or double-barrelledshotgun, the 'yunani' and 'osmanli' single-shotmuskets, various rifles andMauser pistols. Modern rifles, known as 'Abu-Hamsa' (father of five), were the most prestigious, and were prone to theft by the locals. The 'shibriyeh' (Arab dagger) and 'nabut' (club or mace) were carried by all. Ammunition was expensive and hard to come by, so primitive production centers were set up.
By 1912, Hashomer was guarding fourteen Jewish settlements. In addition to guarding settlements, Hashomer secretly began developing offensive capabilities, seeing itself as the nucleus of a future Jewish army. A special clandestine assembly of Hashomer members decided to kill Aref al-Arsan, a Bedouin policeman who assisted the Turks and tortured Jewish prisoners.[3]
During World War I, Hashomer was violently opposed toNILI, a Jewish spy network working for the British in Ottoman Palestine. Hashomer feared that the Turks would discover the spies and wreak vengeance against the entire Jewish community. When they failed to get NILI to cease operations or to hand over a stash of gold coins they’d received from the British, they made an attempt on the life ofYosef Lishansky, one of its members, managing only to wound him.[4][5][6] Later the Turks caught Lishansky, and he allegedly told them all he knew under torture, implicating twelve members of Hashomer.[4] The group nonetheless survived.
Hashomer was successful in providing defense for settlements throughout the country; though it sometimes aroused the ire of Arab watchmen, who lost their jobs, and of pilferers. Some of the older settlers were also worried that Hashomer might upset the status-quo with the local population. DuringWorld War I many of its members were exiled toAnatolia by theOttoman government because they were enemy (Russian) nationals. Several were hanged.
In 1920 it was decided to organize theHaganah, a much broader-based group, to cope with new defense challenges and needs of the growing Jewish community in Palestine. Many members of Hashomer joined theJewish Legion, while others joined the mounted police, and played a prominent part in the defense ofTel Hai andJerusalem during the Arab riots in 1920 and 1921. In June 1920 HaShomer ceased to exist as a separate body. Its members, however, maintained contact and made an important contribution to the Yishuv's defense. The Haganah itself became the core of theIsrael Defense Forces (IDF).
In addition to their role as watchmen of the Jewish settlements in the country, members of Hashomer established a number of settlements of their own, includingTel Adash,Tel Hai, andKfar Giladi.
During its ten years existence Hashomer had at most 100 members, 23 of them women.[7] Most of them came from a small number of families who believed they were on the verge of becoming the leaders of Palestine's Jews.[8]
ProfessorGur Alroey [he], Dean of Humanities at theUniversity of Haifa, described the Hashomer as "...illiterate people, chauvinist. They spokeYiddish and not Hebrew. Even a poor Yiddish, they curse a lot. They were people I wouldn't like to meet in a boulevard at midnight."[9]
The founders of the organization and most of its members were pioneers who arrived in theLand of Israel during theSecond Aliyah period. Some of them were active even before their immigration in underground movements and Jewish self-defense againstpogroms inEastern Europe in the early 20th century.Yitzhak Henkin [he], for example, was considered a hero of Jewish defense in Homel, and was persecuted by the authorities for this.Moshe Givoni (Goldshtein) [he] was one of the organizers of Jewish self-defense inYuzovka andKishinev,Israel Shochat was active in the "Poalei Zion" movement and the Jewish self-defense organization inGrodno, and his wifeManya Shochat was active, before immigrating to the Land of Israel, in the "Bund" party (a non-Zionist Jewish workers' party), and in 1898 she was imprisoned for her underground activities. Many of the Jewish workers who established "HaShomer" were from Jewish families of the middle and lower classes, who arrived in the country penniless.Alexander Zaid recounted that the only possession he had when he arrived in the country was his father's silver watch, which he gave as a "bribe" to Turkish soldiers in order to gain entry to the country. The two prominent figures in the organization's leadership who were not from the Second Aliyah wereYitzhak Navon, born to a Jewish family fromYemen, who met Alexander Zaid and Yitzhak Henkin in 1908 in Jerusalem, and Mordechai Yagal, who was born in the moshava ofZikhron Ya'akov.[10]
In the 1930s, the"Hashomer" File was published, and in the 1950s, the"Sefer Hashomer: Divrei Chaverim" (Book of Hashomer: Words of Friends) and the"Sefer Toldot HaHaganah" (Book of the History of the Haganah) were published, which presented a wealth of materials about "Hashomer" and various approaches to understanding its operations. A significant part of the "Hashomer" archive, which included protocols of meetings and assemblies, letters and memoranda, was lost or destroyed during the years of World War I, especially after the exposure of the Nili underground network, and due to the extensive pursuit of "Hashomer" members by the Ottoman authorities.[11]
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