Hasan Nizami was aPersian language poet and historian, who lived in the 12th and 13th centuries. He migrated fromNishapur toDelhi in India, where he wroteTajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of theDelhi Sultanate.
Little is known about the family background of Hasan Nizami, since neither him nor his contemporaries provide any such information. The later historians such asMīr-Khvānd,Abu'l-Fazl andKâtip Çelebi call him "Sadru-din Muhammad bin Hasan Nizami".Ziauddin Barani calls him "Sadr-i-Nizami". According to the 14th century Persian historianHamdallah Mustawfi, Nizami was a son of Persian poetNizami Aruzi, but there is no evidence to substantiate this claim.[1]
Nizami originally lived inNishapur, in theKhorasan region of present-dayIran. When the region became unsafe because of theKhwarazmian-Ghurid conflict, Nizami visited theImam Reza shrine and sought advice from his religious preceptor Muhammad Kufi. Kufi advised him to leave Nishapur and migrate to India.[1]
During his journey to India, Nizami fell ill atGhazna. He recovered under the care of Shaikh Muhammad Shirazi and Majd-al-Mulk, who held the office ofSadr-i-Jahan. The fact that these important officials extended their hospitality to Nizami indicates that he was either a reputed scholar or came from a reputed family.[2]
While in Ghazna, Nizami heard that theQutb al-Din Aibak, the Ghurid governor ofDelhi, was generous towards immigrants. He, therefore, decided to try his luck in Delhi.[2]
Nizami arrived in Delhi, sometime before the assassination of the Ghurid kingMuhammad of Ghor in 1206. Nizami initially stayed with Sharaful-Mulk, who held the office ofSadr in Delhi. When Nizami was looking for employment, his friends suggested that he compile a history of the Muslim conquest of India, highlighting the achievements of Qutb al-Din Aibak. Soon after the Ghurid king's death, Qutb al-Din became the first ruler of the independentDelhi Sultanate, and issued afirman towards this objective.[2]
Nizami thus started compiling hisPersian languageTajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate.[3] Although the book is written in Persian, it suggests that Nizami had a good command over theArabic language as well. He wrote in an ornate style characteristic of theArabic poetry and prose.[2]
Since Nizami was more of a poet than a historian, his work features "flights of imagination". For example, he depicts Central Asian plants blossoming in the desert region aroundAjmer. Nevertheless, his book was well-regarded by medieval historians for its detailed descriptions. The 14th century chroniclerZiauddin Barani counts him among the trustworthy historians of the Delhi Sultanate.[4]
TheTajul-Ma'asir begins with theSecond Battle of Tarain in which the Ghurids defeated the Hindu kingPrithviraja III. The book doesn't mention theFirst Battle of Tarain, in which the Ghurids were defeated, as this would have offended Qutb al-Din Aibak.[5] The book then describes how Qutb al-Din (then a Ghurid general) was awarded the governorship of the newly conquered territory in India. Next, the book provides details about the subsequent military career of Qutb al-Din. The narrative is marred by poetic exaggeration and other irrelevant details, such as theeffects of planets on living beings.[6]
The book provides comprehensive details about the events between 1192 and 1196. Nizami probably compiled this part of the book between 1206 and 1210. However, his coverage of the post-1196 events is not satisfactory. It is possible that Qutb al-din's untimely death in 1210 dashed Nizami's hopes of receiving a royal reward, and reduced his interest in completing the work.[7] The book goes on to describe the reign of the next rulerIltutmish, but this part appears to have been compiled in haste.[8]
Nizami started writing the book in 1205-1206, and completed it sometime after 1229.[9]
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