Harrisburg played a role in American history during theWestward Migration, theAmerican Civil War, and theIndustrial Revolution. During part of the 19th century, the building of thePennsylvania Canal and later thePennsylvania Railroad allowed Harrisburg to develop into one of the most industrialized cities in the Northeastern United States. In the mid- to late 20th century, the city's economic fortunes fluctuated with its major industries consisting of government,heavy manufacturing, agriculture, and food services. These economic fluctuations contributed to Harrisburg experiencing a decline of nearly half its population between 1950 and 2000. However, the region is seen as financially stable in part due to the high concentration ofstate andfederal government agencies.[9]
Harrisburg's site along theSusquehanna River is thought to have been inhabited by Native Americans as early as 3000 BC. Known to the Native Americans as "Peixtin", or "Paxtang", the area was an important resting place and crossroads for Native American traders with trails leading from theDelaware to theOhio rivers and from thePotomac to the UpperSusquehanna intersecting there.
The first European contact with Native Americans in Pennsylvania was made by EnglishmanCaptain John Smith, who journeyed fromVirginia up the Susquehanna River in 1608 and visited with theSusquehanna tribe.
In 1719,John Harris, Sr., an English trader, settled here and 14 years later secured grants of 800 acres (3.2 km2) in this vicinity. In 1785,John Harris, Jr. made plans to lay out a town on his father's land, which he named Harrisburg. In the spring of 1785, the town was formally surveyed byWilliam Maclay, who was a son-in-law of John Harris, Sr. In 1791, Harrisburg became incorporated, and in October 1812 it was named the Pennsylvania state capital, which it has remained ever since. The assembling here of the highly sectional Harrisburg Convention in 1827 (signaling what may have been the birth of lobbying on a national scale) led to the passage of the highprotective-tariff bill of 1828.[11]
Before Harrisburg gained its first industries, it was a scenic, pastoral town: compact and surrounded by farmland. In 1822, the impressive brick capitol was completed for $200,000 (~$5.93 million in 2024).[12]
Harrisburg's strategic location gave it an advantage over many other towns; it was settled as a trading post in 1719 at a location important to westward expansion, past theBlue Mountain range. TheSusquehanna River flowed generally west to east at this location, providing a route for boat traffic from the east. The head of navigation was a short distance northwest of the town, where the river flowed through the pass. Persons arriving from the east by boat had to exit at Harrisburg and prepare for an overland journey westward through the mountain pass. Harrisburg assumed importance as a provisioning stop at this point where westward bound pioneers transitioned from river travel to overland travel. It was partly because of its strategic location that the state legislature selected the small town of Harrisburg to become the state capital in 1812.
The grandeur of the Colonial Revival capitol dominated the quaint town. The streets were dirt, but orderly and platted in grid pattern. ThePennsylvania Canal was built in 1834 and coursed the length of the town. The residential houses were situated on only a few city blocks stretching southward from the capitol. They were mostly one story. No factories were present but there were blacksmith shops and other businesses.[13] The ownership of land concentrated in the hands of a small number of wealthy families: five people held one-third of private land in 1850.[14]
During the first part of the 19th century, Harrisburg was a notable stopping place along theUnderground Railroad, aspersons escaping slavery used the Susquehanna River to access food and supplies before heading north towards Canada.[15]
During theAmerican Civil War, Harrisburg became a significant training center for theUnion army, with tens of thousands of troops passing throughCamp Curtin, which had been established on 18 April 1861 and was named in tribute to Pennsylvania's Civil War-era governor, Andrew Gregg Curtin.[16]
Harrisburg functioned as a major rail center for the Union and a vital link between the Atlantic coast and the Midwest, with several railroads running through the city and spanning the Susquehanna River. As a result of this importance, the city was targeted by GeneralRobert E. Lee'sArmy of Northern Virginia during the army's two invasions. First, during the 1862Maryland Campaign, when Lee planned to capture the city after takingHarpers Ferry, West Virginia, but was prevented from doing so by theBattle of Antietam and his subsequent retreat back into Virginia. The second attempt was made during theGettysburg campaign in 1863 and was more substantial. Under orders from Gen. Robert E. Lee directly,ConfederateLt. Gen.Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps were tasked with capturing Harrisburg and disrupting the vital Union supply and rail lines. However, Ewell's forces were intercepted by the forces of theDepartment of the Susquehanna under the command of UnionMaj. Gen.Darius N. Couch in a series of skirmishes surrounding the city, such as theSkirmish of Sporting Hill inCamp Hill, just 2 miles (3 km) west of Harrisburg. The Second Corp were ultimately unsuccessful in both overcoming the local Union defenses and crossing the rain bloated Susquehanna into Harrisburg itself, and were forced to retreat southward to regroup with Lee's main Confederate force. This attempt marked the northernmost advance of the Confederate Army during the Civil War.
On July 3, 1863, the artillery barrage that marked the beginning ofPickett's Charge of theBattle of Gettysburg was heard from Harrisburg, almost 40 miles away.[17]
Harrisburg's importance in the latter half of the 19th century was in the steel industry. It was an important railroad center as well.Steel and iron became dominant industries. Steel and other industries continued to play a major role in the local economy throughout the latter part of the 19th century. The city was the center of enormous railroad traffic and its steel industry supported large furnaces, rolling mills, and machine shops. The Pennsylvania Steel Company plant, which opened in nearbySteelton in 1866, was the first in the country; later operated byBethlehem Steel.[18]
Its first large scale iron foundries were put into operation shortly after 1850.[13]As industries nationwide entered a phase of great expansion and technological improvement, so did industries – and in particular the steel industry – in Harrisburg. This can be attributed to a combination of factors that were typical of what existed in other successful industrial cities: rapid rail expansion; nearby markets for goods; and nearby sources for raw product.
With Harrisburg poised for growth in steel production, Steelton became the ideal location for this type of industry. It was a wide swath of flat land located south of the city, with rail and canal access running its entire 4 mile length. There was plenty of room for houses and its own downtown section. Steelton was a company town, opened in 1866 by the Pennsylvania Steel Company. Highly innovative in its steel making process, it became the first mill in the United States to make steel railroad rails by contract. In its prime, Steelton was home to more than 16,000 residents from 33 different ethnic groups. All were employed in the steel industry, or had employment in services that supported it. In the late 19th century, no less than five major steel mills and foundries were located in Steelton. Each contained a maze of buildings; conveyances for moving the products; large yards for laying down equipment; and facilities for loading their product on trains. Stacks from these factories constantly belched smoke. With housing and a small downtown area within walking distance, these were the sights and smells that most Steelton residents saw every day.
The rail yard was another area of Harrisburg that saw rapid and thorough change during the years of industrialization. This was a wide expanse of about two dozen railroad tracks that grew from the single track of the early 1850s. By the late 19th century, this area was the width of about two city blocks and formed what amounted to a barrier along the eastern edge of the city: passable only by bridge. Three large and ornately embellished passenger depots were built by as many rail lines.Pennsylvania Railroad was the largest rail line in Harrisburg. It built huge repair facilities and two large roundhouses in the 1860s and 1870s to handle its enormous freight and passenger traffic and to maintain its colossal infrastructure. Its rails ran the length of Harrisburg, along its eastern border. It had a succession of three passenger depots, each built on the site of the predecessor, and each of high style architecture, including a train shed to protect passengers from inclement weather. At its peak in 1904, it made 100 passenger stops per day. It extended west toPittsburgh, across the entire state, and east toPhiladelphia, serving Steelton along the route. Theanthracite coal mines in theAllegheny Mountains were reached by the Northern Central Railroad. The Lebanon Valley Railroad extended east to Philadelphia with spurs to New York City. Another rail line was thePhiladelphia and Reading Railroad, which provided service to Philadelphia and other points east.[19]
Allison Hill, Harrisburg's first suburb, is located east of the city on a prominent bluff, accessed by bridges across a wide swath of train tracks. It was developed in the late 19th century and offered affluent Harrisburg residents the opportunity to live in the suburbs only a few hundred yards from their jobs in the city. As the city expanded, it incorporated Allison Hill in its boundaries. In 1886, a single horse trolley line was established from the city to Allison Hill. Easy access was later achieved via theState Street Bridge leading east from theCapitol complex and the Market Street Bridge leading from the city's prominent business district. Among the most desirable sections of Allison Hill at the time was Mount Pleasant, which was characterized by largeColonial Revival-style houses with yards for the very wealthy and smaller but still well-built row houses lining the main street for the moderately wealthy. State Street, leading from the Capitol directly toward Allison Hill, was planned to provide a grand view of the Capitol dome for those approaching the city from Allison Hill. This trend towards outlying residential areas began slowly in the late 19th century and was largely confined to the trolley line, but the growing prevalence of automobile ownership quickened the trend and spread out the population in the 20th century.
In the early 20th century, the city of Harrisburg was in need of change. Without proper sanitation, diseases such astyphoid began killing many citizens of Harrisburg. Seeing these necessary changes, several Harrisburg residents became involved in theCity Beautiful movement. The project focused on providing better transportation, spaces for recreation, sanitation, landscaping, and parks for those living in cities, as research showed that a person with access to amenities would be a happier person.[20] In December 1900, a reformer namedMira Lloyd Dock, who had recently encountered well-ordered urban centers on an international trip to Europe, gave a lecture on "The City Beautiful" to Harrisburg's Board of Trade.[20] Other prominent citizens of the city such asJ. Horace McFarland andVance McCormick advocated urban improvements which were influenced by European urban planning design and theWorld's Columbian Exposition.Warren Manning was hired to help bring about these changes. Specifically, their efforts greatly enlarged the Harrisburg park system, creating Riverfront Park, Reservoir Park, the Italian Lake and Wildwood Park. In addition, plans were undertaken for new water filtration, burial of electric wires, the paving of roads, and the creation of a modern sanitary sewer system. The efforts to improve the city also paralleled the construction of an expanded monumentalCapitol complex in 1906 which led, in turn, to the displacement of the Old Eighth Ward, one of the most ethnically and racially diverse communities in Harrisburg.[21]
The decades between 1920 and 1970 were characterized byindustrial decline and population shift from the city to the suburbs. Like most other cities which faced a loss of their industrial base, Harrisburg shifted to a service-oriented base, with industries such as health care and convention centers playing a big role. Harrisburg's greatest problem was a shrinking city population after 1950. This loss in population followed a national trend and was a delayed result of the decline of Harrisburg's steel industry. This decline began almost imperceptibly in the late 1880s, but did not become evident until the early 20th century.
After being held in place for about 5 years by WWII armament production, the population peaked shortly after the war, but then took a long-overdue dive as people fled from the city. Hastening thewhite flight to the suburbs were the cheap and available houses being built away from the crime and deteriorating situation of the city. The reduction in city population coincided with the rise in population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area. The trend continued until the 1990s.[22]
ThePennsylvania Farm Show, the largest indoor agriculture exposition in the United States, was first held in 1917 and has been held every January since then. The present location of the Show is thePennsylvania Farm Show Complex & Expo Center, located at the corner of Maclay andCameron streets.
On March 28, 1979, theThree Mile Island nuclear plant, along theSusquehanna River located in Londonderry Township which is south of Harrisburg, suffered a partial meltdown. Although the meltdown was contained and radiation leakages were minimal, there were still worries that an evacuation would be necessary. GovernorDick Thornburgh, on the advice ofNuclear Regulatory Commission ChairmanJoseph Hendrie, advised the evacuation "of pregnant women and pre-school age children ... within a five-mile radius of the Three Mile Island facility." Within days, 140,000 people had left the area.[23]
Stephen R. Reed was elected mayor in 1981 and served until 2009, making him the city's longest-serving mayor. In an effort to end the city's long period of economic troubles, he initiated several projects to attract new business and tourism to the city. Several museums and hotels such asWhitaker Center for Science and the Arts, theNational Civil War Museum and theHilton Harrisburg and Towers were built during his term, along with many office buildings and residential structures. Several minor league professional sports franchises, including theHarrisburg Senators of theEastern League, theHarrisburg Heat indoor soccer club, andPenn FC of theUnited Soccer League began operations in the city during his tenure as mayor. While praised for the vast number of economic improvements, Reed has also been criticized for population loss and mounting debt. For example, during a budget crisis the city was forced to sell $8 million worth of Western and American-Indian artifacts collected by Mayor Reed for a never-realized museum celebrating theAmerican West.[24]
During the nearly 30-year tenure of former MayorStephen Reed from 1981 to 2009, city officials ignored legal restraints on the use of bond proceeds, as Reed spent the money pursuing interests including collecting Civil War and Wild West memorabilia – some of which was found in Reed's home after his arrest on corruption charges.[25] Infrastructure was left unrepaired, and the heart of the city's financial woes was a trash-to-electricity plant, theHarrisburg incinerator, which was supposed to generate income but instead, because of increased borrowing, incurred a debt of $320 million.[26]
Missing audits and convoluted transactions, including swap agreements, make it difficult to state how much debt the city owes. Some estimates put total debt over $1.5 billion, which would mean that every resident would owe $30,285.[27] These numbers do not reflect the school system deficit, the school district's $437 million long-term debt,[28] nor unfunded pension and healthcare obligations.
Harrisburg was the first municipality ever in the history of theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to be charged with securities fraud, for misleading statements about its financial health.[29] The city agreed to a plea bargain to settle the case.[30]
In October 2011, Harrisburg filed forChapter 9 bankruptcy when four members of the seven-member City Council voted to file a bankruptcy petition to prevent thePennsylvania State Government from taking over the city's finances.[31][32][33] Bankruptcy Judge Mary France dismissed the petition on the grounds that the City Council majority had filed it over the objection of MayorLinda Thompson, reasoning that the filing not only required the mayor's approval but had circumvented state laws concerning financially distressed cities.[34]
Instead, a state-appointed receiver took charge of the city's finances.[35] GovernorTom Corbett appointed bond attorney David Unkovic as the city's receiver, but Unkovic resigned after only four months.[36] Unkovic blamed disdain for legal restraints on contracts and debt for creating Harrisburg's intractable financial problem and said the corrupt influence of creditors and political cronies prevented fixing it.[36][37]
As creditors began to file lawsuits to seize and sell off city assets, a new receiver,William B. Lynch, was appointed.[38] The City Council opposed the new receiver's plans for tax increases and advocated a stay of the creditor lawsuits with a bankruptcy filing, while Mayor Thompson continued to oppose bankruptcy.[39] State legislators crafted a moratorium to prevent Harrisburg from declaring bankruptcy, and after the moratorium expired, the law stripped the city government of the authority to file for bankruptcy and conferred it on the state receiver.[40][41][42]
After two years of negotiations, in August 2013 Receiver Lynch revealed his comprehensive voluntary plan for resolving Harrisburg's fiscal problems.[43] The complex plan called for creditors to write down or postpone some debt.[44] To pay the remainder, Harrisburg sold the troubled incinerator, leased its parking garages for 40 years, and was to briefly go further into debt by issuing new bonds.[43][44] Receiver Lynch had also called for setting up nonprofit investment corporations to oversee infrastructure improvement, repairing the city's crumbling roads and water and sewer lines, and pensions and economic development.[45] These were intended to allow nonprofit fundraising and to reduce the likelihood of mismanagement by the city government.[44][45]
Harrisburg's City Council and the state Commonwealth Court approved the plan, and became implemented.[46][47][48][49] The city balanced its budget in the late 2010s, was expected to have a surplus of $1 million in 2019, and maintained a surplus in 2020 despite theCOVID-19 pandemic.[50][51]
Harrisburg's western boundary is formed by the west shore of theSusquehanna River, which runs within the city boundaries and serves as the boundary betweenDauphin andCumberland counties. Harrisburg is divided into numerous neighborhoods and districts. Like many of Pennsylvania's cities andboroughs that are at build-out stage, there are several townships outside of Harrisburg city limits that, although autonomous, use the nameHarrisburg for postal and name-place designation. They include the townships of:Lower Paxton,Middle Paxton,Susquehanna,Swatara andWest Hanover in Dauphin County. The borough ofPenbrook, located just east ofReservoir Park, was previously known as East Harrisburg. Penbrook, along with the borough ofPaxtang, also located just outside the city limits, maintain HarrisburgZIP codes as well. TheUnited States Postal Service designates 26ZIP Codes for Harrisburg, including 13 for official use by federal and state government agencies.[53]
Harrisburg has a variable, four-season climate lying at the beginning of the transition between thehumid subtropical andhumid continental zones (KöppenCfa andDfa, respectively). The city limits fall within theCfa Humid subtropical climate classification, while the suburban areas and rural surroundings fall just into theDfa Humid continental climate classification. The hottest month of the year is July, with a daily mean temperature of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C).[54] Summer is usually hot and humid and occasional heat waves can occur. The city averages around 32 days per year with 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, although temperatures reaching 100 °F (38 °C) are rare. Seven months average above 50 °F (10 °C) and three months average above 22 °C (72 °F). The hottest temperature ever recorded in Harrisburg is 107 °F (42 °C) on July 3, 1966.[54] Summer thunderstorms also occur relatively frequently. Autumn is a pleasant season, when the humidity and temperatures fall to more comfortable values. Thehardiness zone is 7a/7b.
Winter in Harrisburg is mild to cool: January, the coolest month, remains above freezing, as it experiences a daily mean temperature of 32.6 °F (0.3 °C).[54] A major snowstorm can also occasionally occur, and some winters snowfall totals can exceed 40 inches (102 cm), while in other winters, the region may receive very little snowfall. Snow that does fall often melts away quickly. The largest snowfall on a single calendar day was 26.4 in (67 cm) onJanuary 23, 2016,[54] recorded atHarrisburg International Airport in Middletown, while the snowiest month on record was February 2010, with 42.1 in (107 cm), recorded at the same location.[55] Overall, Harrisburg receives an average of 29.9 in (75.9 cm) of snow per winter.[54] The coldest temperature ever recorded in Harrisburg was −22 °F (−30 °C) onJanuary 21, 1994.[54] Spring is also a pleasant time of year for outdoor activities. Precipitation is well-distributed and generous in most months, though July is clearly the wettest and February the driest.
Climate data for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Harrisburg Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1888–present[b]
Harrisburg's architecture spans over 200 years of evolving construction and design and thus contains a breadth of various architectural styles. Six Municipal Historic Districts, multiple National Historic Districts, and Architectural Conservation Overlay Districts have in turn have been established to preserve and guide any new development of areas with respect to their character.[62]
Harrisburg is home to thePennsylvania State Capitol. Completed in 1906, the central dome rises to a height of 272 feet (83 m) and was modeled on that ofSt. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome. The building was designed byJoseph Miller Huston and is adorned with sculpture, includingLove and Labor, the Unbroken Law andThe Burden of Life, the Broken Law by sculptorGeorge Grey Barnard; murals byViolet Oakley andEdwin Austin Abbey; tile floor byHenry Mercer, which tells the story of the Pennsylvania. The state capitol is only the third-tallest building of Harrisburg. The five tallest buildings are 333 Market Street the tallest building outside of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh with a height of 341 feet (104 m), Pennsylvania Place with a height of 291 feet (89 m), the Pennsylvania State Capitol with a height of 272 feet (83 m), Presbyterian Apartments with a height of 259 feet (79 m) and the Fulton Bank Building with a height of 255 feet (78 m).[63]
Harrisburg city, Pennsylvania – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The six largest ethnic groups in the city are: African American (52.4%), German (15.0%), Irish (6.5%), Italian (3.3%),English (2.4%), andDutch (1.0%). While the metropolitan area is approximately 15%German-American, 11.4% are Irish-American and 9.6%English-American. Harrisburg has one of the largestPennsylvania Dutch communities in the nation, and also has the nation's ninth-largestSwedish-American communities in the nation.[citation needed]
There were 20,561 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 13 living with them, 23.4% were married couples living together, 24.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.9% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.15.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 13 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 13 and over, there were 84.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,920, and the median income for a family was $29,556. Males had a median income of $90,670 versus $24,405 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,787. About 23.4% of families and 24.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 13 and 16.6% of those age 65 or over.
The very first census taken in the United States occurred in 1790. At that time Harrisburg was a small, but substantialcolonial town with a population of 875 residents.[71] With the increase of the city's prominence as an industrial and transportation center, Harrisburg reached its peak population build up in 1950, topping out at nearly 90,000 residents. Since the 1950s, Harrisburg, along with other northeastern urban centers large and small, has experienced a declining population that is ultimately fueling the growth of itssuburbs, although the decline – which was very rapid in the 1960s and 1970s – has slowed considerably since the 1980s.[72] UnlikeWestern and Southern states, Pennsylvania maintains a complex system of municipalities and has very little legislation on either the annexation/expansion of cities or the consolidating of municipal entities.
Harrisburg is the metropolitan center for some 400 communities.[73] Its economy and more than 45,000 businesses are diversified with a large representation of service-related industries, especially health-care and a growing technological and biotechnology industry to accompany the dominant government field inherent to being the state's capital. National and international firms with major operations includeAhold Delhaize,ArcelorMittal Steel,HP Inc.,IBM,Hershey Foods,Harsco Corporation,Ollie's Bargain Outlet,Rite Aid Corporation,Tyco Electronics, andVolvo Construction Equipment.[74] The largest employers, thefederal andstate governments, provide stability to the economy. The region's extensive transportation infrastructure has allowed it to become a prominent center for trade, warehousing, and distribution.[73]
Harrisburg'sMarket Square, formerly a market, is a public transport hub and commercial center in the city.
In the mid-20th century, Harrisburg was home to many nightclubs and other performance venues, including the Madrid Ballroom, the Coliseum, the Chestnut Street Hall. and the Hi-Hat. These venues featured performances fromDuke Ellington,Dizzy Gillespie,Fletcher Henderson,Andy Kirk, and other jazz greats. Segregationist policy forbade these musicians from staying overnight in downtown Harrisburg, however, making the Jackson Hotel in Harrisburg's 7th Ward a hub of black musicians prior to the 1960s.[75]
Several organizations support and develop visual arts in Harrisburg. The Art Association of Harrisburg was founded in 1926 and continues to provide education and exhibits throughout the year. Additionally, theSusquehanna Art Museum, founded in 1989, offers classes, exhibits and community events. A local urban sketching group, Harrisburg Sketchers, convenes artists monthly.[76]
Downtown Harrisburg has two major performance centers. TheWhitaker Center for Science and the Arts, which was completed in 1999, is the first center of its type in the United States where education, science and the performing arts take place under one roof. The Forum, a 1,763-seat concert and lecture hall built in 1930–31, is a state-owned and operated facility located within theState Capitol Complex. Since 1931, The Forum has been home to theHarrisburg Symphony Orchestra. Other performance centers include The Capitol Room atHouse of Music, Arts & Culture, Open Stage of Harrisburg, Harrisburg Improv Theatre, Gamut Theatre Group, Popcorn Hat Players Children's Theatre and Theatre Harrisburg.[77]
Beginning in 2001, downtown Harrisburg saw a resurgence of commercial nightlife development. This has been credited with reversing the city's financial decline, and has made downtown Harrisburg a destination for events from jazz festivals to Top-40 nightclubs.
In 2004, Harrisburg hostedCowParade, an international publicart exhibit that has been featured in major cities all over the world. Fiberglass sculptures of cows are decorated by local artists, and distributed over the city center, in public places such as train stations and parks. They often feature artwork and designs specific to local culture, as well as city life and other relevant themes.
With gradual but steady increases in the number and variety of multi-purpose venues, bars, and restaurants since the mid-2010s, as well as large concerts sponsored byHarrisburg University, the live music and entertainment scene expanded to a "mini-explosion" by 2022 of big artists with a wide draw from both near and far.[78]
TheGreat American Outdoor Show, the world's largestoutdoor recreation show, is held each February at the Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors and includes demonstrations, seminars, calling competitions, education and safety programs, and a country music concert.
Motorama, the nation's largest all-indoor motorsports event, is held annually and features over 2,000 racers.
The Ice & Fire Festival, occurring each March downtown, exhibitsice sculptures,fire dancers, food trucks, and an ice skating rink with live music.
The Antique Fire Apparatus Show &Muster along Riverfront Park features displays of regional fire engines from past and present, a flea market, and firefighting competitions.
Harrisburg's Independence Day Celebration, under various names (formerly "MusicFest"), occurs each Independence Day weekend along Riverfront Park and City Island with food, live music, activities and fireworks.
Kipona Festival, inaugurated in 1916 and held each Labor Day Weekend, celebrates theSusquehanna River as a three-day festival on Riverfront Park and City Island featuring food, fireworks, live music, artist markets, canoe races, wire walkers, pet areas, and family carnival activities.
TheGreenbelt's Tour de Belt is a weekend-long series of bike-related events and includes an art show and craft breweries.
Cultural Fest, put on each summer by Dauphin County and held at City Island, celebrates the multicultural diversity of the area.
Riverfront Park Concert Series, a summer pop-up concert, features national music acts each summer.
The Harrisburg Marathon runs along the riverfront and City Island and is a two-day event usually held each fall.[79][80]
WoofStock, the celebration of all things canine along with music, food and prizes, is held each September at Riverfront Park and is the largestpet adoption event on the East Coast.
Harrisburg area is part of theHarrisburg-Lancaster-Lebanon-York media market which consists of the lower counties in south central Pennsylvania and borders the media markets of Philadelphia and Baltimore. It is the 43rd largest media market in the United States.[82]
The Harrisburg area has several newspapers.The Patriot-News, which is published inCumberland County, serves the Harrisburg area and has a tri-weekly circulation of over 100,000.The Sentinel, which is published in Carlisle, roughly 20 miles west of Harrisburg, serves many of Harrisburg's western suburbs inCumberland County. ThePress and Journal, published in Middletown, is one of many weekly general information newspapers in the Harrisburg area. There are also numerous television and radio stations in the Harrisburg/Lancaster/York area.
Pride of the Susquehanna paddle-wheel riverboat, offering daily sightseeing tours and special theme cruises
Reservoir Park, the largest public park in the city containing an amphitheater[87] and playground, and connected to the Greenbelt
State Museum of Pennsylvania, featuring a planetarium and the Marshalls Creek Mastodon, one of the most complete mastodon fossils in North America.[88]
Strawberry Square, across the street from the Capitol Complex, home of many state offices and a small shopping center
The following is a list of the major parks of Harrisburg:
Capital Area Greenbelt, a twenty mile longgreenway linking city neighborhoods, parks and open spaces. It connects Wildwood Lake Park, Riverfront Park, the Harrisburg Mall, Penbrook Park, Reservoir Park, Harrisburg Area Community College, and Veterans Park. It is open to cyclists and pedestrians.[90]
Harrisburg serves as the hub of professional sports inSouth Central Pennsylvania. A host of teams compete in the region including three professional baseball teams, theHarrisburg Senators, theLancaster Stormers, and theYork Revolution. The Senators are the oldest team of the three, with the current incarnation playing since 1987. The original Harrisburg Senators began playing in theEastern League in 1924. Playing its home games atIsland Field, the team won the league championship in the 1927, 1928, and 1931 seasons. The Senators played a few more seasons before flood waters destroyed Island Field in 1936, effectively ending Eastern League participation for fifty-one years. In 1940, Harrisburg gained an Interstate League team affiliated with thePittsburgh Pirates; however, the team remained in the city only until 1943, when it moved to nearbyYork and renamed theYork Pirates. The current Harrisburg Senators, affiliated with theWashington Nationals, have won the Eastern League championship in the 1987, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 seasons.
Harrisburg Market Square showing thePenn National Insurance Building (left) and Martin Luther King Jr. City Government Center (right)
The Martin Luther King Jr. City Government Center, the first government building and only city hall in the United States named after theCivil Rights Movement leader, serves as a central location for the city's administrative functions.[91][92]Harrisburg has been served since 1970 by the "strong mayor" form of municipal government, with separate executive and legislative branches. The Mayor serves a four-year term with no term limits. As the full-time chief executive, the Mayor oversees the operation of 34 agencies, run by department and office heads, some of whom form the Mayor's cabinet, including the Department of Public Safety (which includes theBureau of Police,Bureau of Fire, and Bureau of Codes), Public Works, Business Administration, Parks and Recreation, Incineration and Steam Generation, Building & Housing Development, and Solicitor. The city had 424 full-time employees in 2019 (Water and Sewer employees were transferred to Capital Region Water effective 2013).[93] The current mayor of Harrisburg isWanda Williams whose term expires January 2026.
There are sevencity council members, all elected at large, who serve part-time for four-year terms. There are two other elected city posts,city treasurer andcity controller, who separately head their own fiscally related offices.
The city government had been in financial distress for many years in the 2000s. It has operated under the state's Act 47 Harrisburg Strong Plan provisions since 2011. The Act provides for municipalities that are in a state akin to bankruptcy.[94] The city balanced its budget in the late 2010s, was expected to have a surplus of $1 million in 2019, and maintained a surplus in 2020 despiteCOVID-19.[50][51]
Harrisburg is also known nationally for its use of a two-tieredland value taxation. Harrisburg hastaxed land at a rate six times that on improvements since 1975, and this policy has been credited by its former mayorStephen R. Reed, as well as by the city's formercity manager during the 1980s, with reducing the number ofvacant structures located indowntown Harrisburg from about 4,200 in 1982 to fewer than 500 in 1995.[95] During this same period of time between 1982 and 1995, nearly 4,700 more city residents became employed, the crime rate dropped 22.5% and the fire rate dropped 51%.[95]
Harrisburg, as well as nearly 20 otherPennsylvania cities, employs atwo-rate orsplit-rateproperty tax, which requires the taxing of the value of land at a higher rate and the value of the buildings and improvements at a lower one. This can be seen as a compromise between pure LVT and an ordinary property tax falling on real estate (land value plus improvement value).[96] Alternatively, two-rate taxation may be seen as a form that allows gradual transformation of the traditional real estate property tax into a pure land value tax.
Nearly two dozen local Pennsylvania jurisdictions, such as Harrisburg,[97] use two-rate property taxation in which the tax on land value is higher and the tax on improvement value is lower. In 2000, Florenz Plassmann andNicolaus Tideman wrote[98] that when comparing Pennsylvania cities using a higher tax rate on land value and a lower rate on improvements with similar sized Pennsylvania cities using the same rate on land and improvements, the higher land value taxation leads to increased construction within the jurisdiction.[99][100]
Dauphin County Government Complex, indowntown Harrisburg, serves the administrative functions of the county. Thetrial court of general jurisdiction for Harrisburg rests with theCourt of Dauphin County and is largely funded and operated by county resources and employees.
ThePennsylvania State Capitol Complex dominates the city's stature as a regional and national hub for government and politics. All administrative functions of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are located within the complex and at various nearby locations.
Long-term plans for the region called for the commuter rail line to continue westward toCumberland County, ending atCarlisle. In early 2005, the project hit a roadblock when the Cumberland Countycommissioners opposed the plan to extend commuter rail to the West Shore. Due to lack of support from the county commissioners, the Cumberland County portion, and the two new stations in Harrisburg have been removed from the project. In the future, with support from Cumberland County, the commuter rail project may extend to both shores of theSusquehanna River, where the majority of the commuting base for theHarrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area resides.[105]
In 2006, a second phase of the rail project designated CorridorTwo was announced to the general public. It was planned to linkdowntown Harrisburg with its eastern suburbs inDauphin andLebanon counties, including the areas ofHummelstown,Hershey andLebanon, and the city ofYork inYork County.[105] Other planned passenger rail corridors also includedRoute 15 from the Harrisburg area towardsGettysburg, as well as the Susquehanna River communities north of Harrisburg, and the NorthernSusquehanna Valley region.[105]
The public transit provider inYork County,Rabbit Transit, operates its RabbitEXPRESS bus service fromYork via Route 83N and fromGettysburg via Route 15N which serves both downtown Harrisburg and the main campus forHarrisburg Area Community College. The commuter-oriented service is designed to serve residents from these areas who work in Harrisburg, thoughreverse commutes are possible under the current schedule. Route 83N makes limited stops in the city of York and at twopark and rides alongInterstate 83 between York and Harrisburg before making multiple stops in Harrisburg, while Route 15N makes two stops in Gettysburg and at two park and rides alongU.S. Route 15 between Gettysburg and Harrisburg before making multiple stops in Harrisburg.
A charter/tour bus operator, R & J Transport, also provides weekday, scheduled route commuter service for people working in downtown Harrisburg. R & J, which is based inSchuylkill County, operates two lines, one betweenFrackville and downtown Harrisburg and the other betweenMinersville,Pine Grove, and downtown Harrisburg.
ThePennsylvania Railroad's main line from New York to Chicago passed through Harrisburg. The line waselectrified in the 1930s, with the wires reaching Harrisburg in 1938. They went no further. Plans to electrify through toPittsburgh and thence to Chicago never saw fruition; sufficient funding was never available. Thus, Harrisburg became where the PRR's crack expresses such as theBroadway Limited changed from electric traction to (originally) asteam locomotive, and later adiesel locomotive. Harrisburg remained a freight rail hub for PRR's successorConrail, which was later sold off and divided betweenNorfolk Southern andCSX.
Norfolk Southern acquired all ofConrail's lines in the Harrisburg area and has continued the city's function as a freight rail hub. Norfolk Southern considers Harrisburg one of many primary hubs in its system, and operates twointermodal (rail/truck transfer) yards in the immediate Harrisburg area.[107] TheHarrisburg Intermodal Yard (formerly called Lucknow Yard) is located approximately three miles north of downtown Harrisburg and the Harrisburg Transport Center, while theRutherford Intermodal Yard is located approximately six miles east of downtown Harrisburg inSwatara Township, Dauphin County. Norfolk Southern also operates a significantclassification yard in the Harrisburg area, theEnola Yard, which is located across the Susquehanna River from Harrisburg inEast Pennsboro Township, Cumberland County.
Amtrak provides service to and from Harrisburg. The passenger rail operator runs itsKeystone Service andPennsylvanian routes between New York, Philadelphia, and theHarrisburg Transportation Center daily. ThePennsylvanian route, which operates once daily, continues west toPittsburgh. As of April 2007, Amtrak operates 14 weekday roundtrips and 8 weekend roundtrips daily between Harrisburg,Lancaster, and30th Street Station inPhiladelphia; most of these trains also travel to and fromNew York Penn Station. TheKeystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia was improved in the mid-first decade of the 21st century, with the primary improvements completed in late 2006. The improvements included upgrading the electrical catenary, installing continuously welded rail, and replacing existing wooden railroad ties with concrete ties. These improvements increased train speeds to 110 mph along the corridor and reduced the travel time between Harrisburg and Philadelphia to as little as 95 minutes. It also eliminated the need to change locomotives at 30th Street Station from diesel to electric and vice versa for trains continuing to or coming from New York City.
As of 2008, the Harrisburg Transportation Center was the 2nd busiest Amtrak station in Pennsylvania and 21st busiest in the United States.[108][109]
Harrisburg is served by several major highways, includingInterstate 76 (I-76,Pennsylvania Turnpike), which passes south of the city and accesses two interchanges, running west toPittsburgh and east toPhiladelphia.I-81 passes to the north of Harrisburg and heads southwest towardCarlisle and northeast towardHazleton.I-83 begins at I-81 near Harrisburg and heads south and west through the center of Harrisburg before continuing south towardYork andBaltimore.I-283 connects I-76 and I-83 southeast of Harrisburg.U.S. Route 11 (US 11) andUS 15 pass through the western suburbs of Harrisburg, heading north concurrently fromCamp Hill up the west bank of theSusquehanna River towardSelinsgrove. South of Camp Hill, US 11 heads southwest toward Carlisle and US 15 heads south towardGettysburg.US 22 andUS 322 head northwest concurrently from Harrisburg towardLewistown. US 22 passes through the northern portion of Harrisburg before it heads northeast towardAllentown. US 322 bypasses Harrisburg along I-81 and I-83 before heading east towardHershey.Pennsylvania Route 230 (PA 230) heads south from US 22 in the northern part of Harrisburg and passes through the city along Cameron Street.PA 283 heads southeast from I-283 on a freeway towardLancaster.PA 581 connects I-81 and I-83 on a freeway through the western suburbs of Harrisburg. I-81, I-83, and PA 581 form theCapital Beltway that circles Harrisburg.[110][111]
Harrisburg is the location of over a dozen large bridges, many up to a mile long, that cross the Susquehanna River. Several other important structures span thePaxton Creek watershed andCameron Street, linkingDowntown with neighborhoods inEast Harrisburg. These include theState Street Bridge, also known as the Soldiers and Sailor's Memorial Bridge, and theMulberry Street Bridge.Walnut Street Bridge, now used only by pedestrians and cyclists, links the downtown andRiverfront Park areas withCity Island but goes no further as spans are missing on its western side due to massive flooding resulting from the North American blizzard of 1996.
The city also has several public charter schools: Infinity Charter School, Sylvan Heights Science Charter School, Premier Arts and Science Charter School, andCapital Area School for the Arts.
Since the early 18th century, Harrisburg has been home to many people of note. Because it is the seat of government for the state and lies relatively close to other urban centers, Harrisburg has played a significant role in the nation's political, cultural and industrial history. "Harrisburgers" have also taken a leading role in the development of Pennsylvania's history for over two centuries. Two former U.S. Secretaries of War,Simon Cameron andAlexander Ramsey and several other prominent political figures, such as former speaker of the houseNewt Gingrich, hail from Harrisburg. The actorDon Keefer was born near Harrisburg, along with the actorRichard Sanders, most famous for playingLes Nessman inWKRP in Cincinnati. Many notable individuals are interred atHarrisburg Cemetery andEast Harrisburg Cemetery.
John O'Hara, author, a native of Pottsville, lived in Harrisburg briefly to write his novel about the city,A Rage to Live.[124]
Adam Resnick, comedic author, wrote about growing up in Harrisburg in his bookWill Not Attend, and wrote the screenplay forLucky Numbers (2000), a film taking place in Harrisburg.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
^Official records for Harrisburg kept at downtown from July 1888 to December 1938,Capital City Airport from January 1939 to September 1991, and at Harrisburg Int'l inMiddletown since October 1991.[56]
^"PHMC Historical Markers Search".Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Archived fromthe original(Searchable database) on March 21, 2016. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2014.
^abEggert, Gerald G., Harrisburg Industrializes: The Coming of Factories to an American Community. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993. p58
^Eggert, Gerald G. (1993).Harrisburg industrializes: the coming of factories to an American community. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 11.ISBN978-0-271-00855-4.
^"Brief History".Steelton Boro Website. 2008. Archived fromthe original on March 6, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 6, 2016.
^Eggert, Gerald G., Harrisburg Industrializes: The Coming of Factories to an American Community. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993. p40
^Eggert, Gerald G., Harrisburg Industrializes: The Coming of Factories to an American Community. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993. p339
^"A Markov Chain Monte Carlo Analysis of the Effect of Two-Rate Property Taxes on Construction", Journal of Urban Economics, 2000, vol. 47, issue 2, p. 216-247
^Oates, W. & Schwab, R. "The Impact of Urban Land Taxation: The Pittsburgh Experience." National Tax Journal L (March) 1–21. (1997)
^Cord, S. "Taxing Land More Than Buildings: The Record In Pennsylvania." In C. Lowell Harriss, ed. 1983. The Property Tax and Local Finance. New York: The Academy of Political Science 172–179.
Barton, Michael.An Illustrated History of Greater Harrisburg: Life by the Moving Road. Sun Valley, California: American Historical Press, 2009.
Eggert, Gerald G.Harrisburg Industrializes: The Coming of Factories to an American Community. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.
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