Harold Acton | |
|---|---|
 Robert Byron (left) with Harold Acton at Oxford around 1922 | |
| Born | (1904-07-05)5 July 1904 Villa La Pietra, nearFlorence, Italy |
| Died | 27 February 1994(1994-02-27) (aged 89) Villa La Pietra,Tuscany, Italy |
| Occupation | poet, historical writer |
| Language | English, Italian, French |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Oxford University |
| Notable works | The Last of the Medici (1930, 1932) Modern Chinese Poetry (with S.-H. Ch'en, 1936) Peonies and Ponies (1941, 1983) Memoirs of an Aesthete (1948) The [Last] Bourbons of Naples (1956, 1961) Ferdinando Galiani (1960) Florence (with M. Huerlimann, 1960) Nancy Mitford (1975) The Peach Blossom Fan (with S.-H. Ch'en, 1976) |
| Notable awards | CBE (1965) knighted (1974) |
| Relatives | John Dalberg-Acton |
Sir Harold Mario Mitchell ActonCBE (5 July 1904 – 27 February 1994) was a British writer, scholar, andaesthete who was a prominent member of theBright Young Things. He wrote fiction, biography, history and autobiography. During his stay in China, he studied the Chinese language, traditional drama, and poetry, some of which he translated.
He was born nearFlorence, Italy, to a prominent Anglo-Italian family. AtEton College, he was a founding member of theEton Arts Society before going up toOxford to readModern Greats atChrist Church. He co-founded the avant-garde magazineThe Oxford Broom and mixed with many intellectual and literary figures of the age, includingEvelyn Waugh, who based the character of Anthony Blanche inBrideshead Revisited partly on him. Between the wars, Acton lived in Paris, London, and Florence, proving most successful as a historian, hismagnum opus being a 3-volume study of the Medicis and the Bourbons.
After serving as anRAF liaison officer in the Mediterranean, he returned to Florence, restoring his childhood home,Villa La Pietra, to its earlier glory. Acton was knighted in 1974 and died in Florence, leaving La Pietra toNew York University.
Acton was born to a prominent Anglo-Italian-American family ofbaronets, later raised to the peerage asBarons Acton of Aldenham at Villa La Pietra, his parents' house one mile outside the walls of Florence, Italy. He claimed that his great-great-grandfather was CommodoreSir John Acton, 6th Baronet (1736–1811), who married his niece, Mary Anne Acton, and who was prime minister ofNaples underFerdinand IV and grandfather of the Catholic historianLord Acton. This relationship has been disproven; Harold Acton in fact descends from Sir John Acton's brother, General Joseph Edward Acton (1737–1830).[1] Both of these brothers served in Italy, and are from theShropshire family of Actons.
His father was the successful art collector and dealerArthur Acton (1873–1953), the illegitimate son of Eugene Arthur Roger Acton (1836–1895), and counsellor to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce.[2][3] His mother, Hortense Lenore Mitchell (1871–1962), was the heiress ofJohn J. Mitchell, a president of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, an appointed member of the Federal Advisory Council,[citation needed], and a trustee of theArt Institute of Chicago (1908–1909).[4][better source needed] Arthur Acton met Hortense in Chicago while helping to design the Italianate features of the bank's new building in 1896, and the Mitchell fortune allowed Arthur Acton to buy the remarkableVilla La Pietra on the hills ofFlorence, where Harold Acton lived for much of his life.[5][6] The only modern furniture in the villa was in the nurseries, and that was disposed of when the children got older (Harold's younger brotherWilliam Acton was born in 1906).[7]
His early schooling was at Miss Penrose's private school in Florence. In 1913, his parents sent him toWixenford Preparatory School near Reading in southern England,[8]: 17 whereKenneth Clark was a fellow-pupil. By 1916 submarine attacks on shipping had made the journey to England unsafe and so Harold and his brother were sent in September to Chateau de Lancy, an international school near Geneva. In the autumn of 1917, he went to a 'crammers' at Ashlawn inKent to be prepared forEton, which he entered on 1 May 1918. Among his contemporaries at Eton wereEric Blair (the writerGeorge Orwell),Cyril Connolly,Robert Byron,Alec Douglas-Home,Ian Fleming,Brian Howard,Oliver Messel,Anthony Powell,Steven Runciman, andHenry Yorke (the novelistHenry Green). In his final years at school, Acton became a founding member of the Eton Arts Society, and eleven of his poems appeared inThe Eton Candle, edited by his friend Brian Howard.[9]
In October 1923, Acton went up toOxford to read Modern Greats atChrist Church. It was from the balcony of his rooms in Meadow Buildings that he declaimed passages fromThe Waste Land through a megaphone (an episode recounted inBrideshead Revisited, through the character Anthony Blanche). While at Oxford, he co-founded the avant-garde magazineThe Oxford Broom, and published his first book of poems,Aquarium (1923). Acton was regarded as a leading figure of his day and would often receive more attention in memoirs of the period than men who were much more successful in later life; for example, the Welsh playwrightEmlyn Williams described this encounter with Acton in his autobiographyGeorge (1961):
"Bowing with the courtesy of another age and clime, he spoke, an English flawlessly italianated [sic]. 'I do most dreadfully beg your pardons this inclement night – though I have been resident a year, I find it too idiotically difficult to find my way about, I have been roundTom like a tee-toe-tum, too too madd-ening – wheredoes our dear Dean hang out?' He thanked me profusely, raised the bowler with a dazzling smile, and propelled himself Deanward, an Oriental diplomat off to leave a jewelledcarte de visite. 'Jesus,' said Evvers, 'what's that?' 'He'sthe Oxford aesthete,' I informed him, 'a Victorian, his rooms in Meadow are in lemon yellow and he stands on his balcony and reads his poems through a megaphone to people passing, and he belongs to theHypocrites' Club withBrian Howard andRobert Byron andEvelyn Waugh and all that set, they call themselves the Post-War Generation and wear Hearts on their lapels as opposed to the pre-warRupert Brooke lot who called themselves Souls. They're supposed to eat new-born babies cooked in wine.'"[10]: 260f
Williams also described Acton's review ofThe Picture of Dorian Gray in the Oxford student newspaperCherwell: "a charming boy's book, we would suggest a cheap edition to fit comfortably into the pocket of a school blazer"; and summarised Acton's modernist approach to literature: "But if one finds the words, my dears, there is beauty in a black-pudding."[10]: 314
At Oxford Acton dominated the Railway Club, which included:Henry Yorke,Roy Harrod,Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath,David Plunket Greene,Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester,Brian Howard,Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse,John Sutro,Hugh Lygon, Harold Acton,Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne,Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross,Mark Ogilvie-Grant,John Drury-Lowe.[11]
Evelyn Waugh populated his novels with composite characters based upon individuals he knew. Acton is reputed to have inspired, at least in part, the character of "Anthony Blanche" in Waugh's novelBrideshead Revisited (1945). In a letter to Lord Baldwin, Waugh wrote, "There is an aesthetic bugger who sometimes turns up in my novels under various names – that was 2/3 Brian [Howard] and 1/3 Harold Acton. People think it was all Harold, who is a much sweeter and saner man [than Howard]."[12]: 505 Waugh also wrote, "The characters in my novels often wrongly identified with Harold Acton were to a great extent drawn fromBrian Howard".[13]
In 1926 Acton acted as aspecial constable during thegeneral strike, apolitical as he was, and took his degree. In October he took an apartment in Paris, at 29 Quai de Bourbon, and had his portrait painted by Pavel Tchelitcheff.[14] Moving between Paris and London in the next few years, Acton sought to find his voice as a writer. In 1927 he began work on a novel, and a third book of poems,Five Saints and an Appendix, came out early the following year. This was followed by a prose fable,Cornelian, in March. In July Acton acted as Best Man at the wedding of Evelyn Waugh to the Honourable Evelyn Gardner. Waugh'sDecline and Fall bore a dedication to Acton 'in Homage and Affection', but when Acton's own novel – disastrously entitledHumdrum – appeared in October 1928, it was slated in comparison withDecline and Fall by critics such as Cyril Connolly.
In the later 1920s, Harold frequented the London salon ofLady Cunard, where at various times he encounteredEzra Pound,Joseph Duveen and the Irish novelistGeorge Moore. On visits to Florence he cemented his friendship withNorman Douglas, who wrote an introduction to Acton's translation of a lubricious 18th-century memoir of Giangastone de' Medici,The Last of the Medici, privately printed in Florence in 1930 as part of the Lungarno Series. A fourth collection of poems,This Chaos, was published in Paris by Acton's friend Nancy Cunard, though the Giangastone translation pointed in a more promising direction. History was indeed to prove far more congenial to Acton than poetry. HisThe Last Medici (not to be confused with the earlier book of similar title) was published by Faber in 1932, the first of a series of distinguished contributions to Italian historical studies.[15]
One close observer, Alan Pryce-Jones, felt that life in Florence weighed upon Acton with its triviality, for, like his father, he was a hard worker and a careful scholar. The East was an escape.[16] He took up residence in Peking, as Beijing was then known, which he found congenial. He studied Chinese language, traditional drama, and poetry. Between his arrival in 1932 and 1939 he published respected translations ofPeach Blossom Fan andModern Chinese Poetry (1936), both in collaboration withCh'en Shih-hsiang [zh],[17] andFamous Chinese Plays (1937) in collaboration with L.C. Arlington. His novelPeonies and Ponies (1941) is a sharp portrait of expatriate life. He translatedGlue and Lacquer (1941), selected from the 17th-century writerFeng Menglong'sTales to Rouse the World, with a preface byArthur Waley, the leading scholar-translator and member of theBloomsbury Group.
TheSecond Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, but Acton did not leave until 1939, when he returned to England and joined theRoyal Air Force as a liaison officer. He served in India and what was then Ceylon, and then after the Liberation in Paris. When the war was over, he returned to Florence. La Pietra had been occupied by German soldiers, but he expeditiously restored it to its proper glory.[18]
Acton's non-historical works include four volumes of poetry, three novels, two novellas, two volumes of short stories, two volumes of autobiography and a memoir of his friendNancy Mitford, who was his exact contemporary. His historical works includeThe Last Medici, a study of the later Medici Grand Dukes, and two large volumes on theHouse of Bourbon, rulers of theKingdom of Naples in the 18th and earlier 19th century, which together may be said to constitute hismagnum opus.
Acton was made aCommander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1965 andknighted in 1974.[19] The British Institute in Florence, an important centre for Anglo-Florentine cultural life since 1917, renamed its collections the Harold Acton Library.[20]
Acton was Catholic;[21]: 151f [22] his cultural and historical commitment to the Church remained unchanged throughout his life. Acton's name was first on a petition submitted to Rome in 1971 by British cultural élite, requesting that the traditional Latin rite of the Mass not be abrogated in England.[21]: 359 [22] His mother, the heiress Hortense Lenore Mitchell, a dominating personality in his life who lived on until the age of 90, did not make life easy for him but he still remained the devoted and admiring son.[16]
Acton was a prominent member of theBright Young Things in 1920s London.[23]
After Acton's death, in reply to a magazine article that speculated both about the probable suicide of Acton's brother and about Acton's homosexuality, authorA. N. Wilson remarked, "To call him homosexual would be to misunderstand the whole essence of his being" and that "He was more asexual than anything else".[24] The article, by American writerDavid Plante, described Acton's time at Oxford as a "virile aesthete-dandy," but noted that while in China during the 1930s Acton's predilection for boys led to a classified government document describing him as a "scandalous debauchee," and prevented the possibility of his serving in the intelligence services there, when war broke out. Plante also described the young men whom Acton welcomed to La Pietra, including Alexander Zielcke, a German photographer and artist who was Acton's lover for the last twenty-five years of his life.[24]
When Acton died he left Villa La Pietra toNew York University.[25] In leaving his family's property and collection to New York University, Acton expressed his desire that the estate be used as a meeting place for students, faculty, and guests who might study, teach, write and do research, and as a centre for international programs.[25] Following his death,DNA testing confirmed the existence of a half-sister born out of wedlock, whose heirs have gone to court to challenge Acton's $500 million bequest toNew York University.[26]
Acton was buried beside his parents and brother in the Catholic section of theCimitero Evangelico degli Allori in the southern suburb ofFlorence,Galluzzo (Italy).
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wrongly identified with Harold Acton.
