Haridwar (/ˌhʌrɪˈdwɑːr/;Hindi:[ɦəɾɪd̪waːɾ]ⓘ; formerlyMayapuri[3]) is a city and municipal corporation in theHaridwar district ofUttarakhand, India. With a population of 228,832 according to 2011 census, it is the second-largest city in the state and the largest in the district.[4] Haridwar is located at the south western part of the state. By law, no meat, fish, & eggs are sold within the city. The reason for such prohibition is to maintain the religious purity and holiness of the pilgrimage city.
The city is situated on the right bank of theGanges river, at the foothills of theShivalik ranges. Haridwar lies in adoab region where people speakKhari Boli, which is a dialect of Hindi. The other districts of doab region lie inWestern Uttar Pradesh.[5] Haridwar is regarded as a holy place forHindus, hosting important religious events and serving as a gateway to several prominent places of worship. The word 'Haridwar' meansthe gateway to the Lord Hari. The most significant of the events here is theKumbha Mela, which is celebrated every 12 years in Haridwar. During theHaridwar Kumbh Mela, millions of Hindu pilgrims, devotees, and tourists congregate in Haridwar to perform ritualistic bathing on the banks of the Ganges to wash away their sins to attainmoksha.
According to Puranic legend, Haridwar, along withUjjain,Nashik, andPrayag, is one of four sites where drops ofamrita,[6] the elixir of immortality, accidentally spilled over from akumbha (pitcher) while being carried by the celestial bird deityGaruda just after theSamudra Manthana, or the churning of the ocean of milk.[7]Brahma Kund, the spot where the amrita fell, is believed to be located atHar ki Pauri (literally, "footsteps of the Lord") and is considered to be the most sacredghat of Haridwar.[8]
Haridwar is also the primary centre of theKanwar pilgrimage, in which millions of participants gathersacred water from the Ganges and carry it across hundreds of miles to dispense as offerings inShiva shrines.[9]
Haridwar is additionally a passage for theChota Char Dham (the four principal pilgrim destinations in Uttarakhand: Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath).
Meandering mainGanga river, known here asNeel Dhara (left) and the Ganga canal (right), passing through Haridwar.
The modern name of the town has two spellings:Haridwar and Hardwar. Each of these names has its own connotation.
InSanskrit, the liturgical language of Hinduism,Hari meansVishnu, whiledvāra means "gateway". So,Haridwar translates to "The Gateway to Vishnu". It earns this name because it is typically the place where pilgrims start their journey to visit a prominent temple of Vishnu:Badrinath Temple.
Similarly,Hara could also mean "Shiva".[7] Hence,Hardwar could stand for "Gateway to Shiva". Hardwar is also a typical place for pilgrims to start their journey in order to reachMount Kailash,Kedarnath, the northernmostJyotirlinga and one of the sites of the smallerChar Dham pilgrimage circuit – all important places for worship for Hindus.
According to legend, it was in Haridwar that goddessGanga descended whenShiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair. TheRiver Ganga, after flowing for 253 kilometres (157 mi) from its source atGaumukh at the edge of theGangotri Glacier, enters theGangetic Plain for the first time at Haridwar, which gave the city its ancient name, Gangadwára.
EnglishWikisource has original text related to this article:
In the annotations to her poetical illustrationHurdwar, a Place of Hindoo Pilgrimage,Letitia Elizabeth Landon provides information on this name derivation, and also the story of the supposed origin of the'River Ganges'. The accompanying plate is engraved from a painting bySamuel Prout.[10]In sacred writings, it has been differently specified as "Kapilasthan", "Gangadwar" and "Mayapuri".
PrinceBhagiratha in penance for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors
In the scriptures, Haridwar has been variously mentioned as Kapilasthana, Gangadvāra[11] andMayapuri. It is also an entry point to theChar Dham (the four main centres of pilgrimage in Uttarakhandviz,Badrinath,Kedarnath,Gangotri, andYamunotri).
Gangadhara,Shiva bearing the Descent of theGanges River asParvati and Bhagiratha, and the bullNandi look on. c. 1740
In theVana Parva of theMahabharata, where sage Dhaumya tellsYudhishthira about thetirthas of India, Gangadvāra, i.e., Haridwar andKankhal, have been referred to,[13] the text also mentions that SageAgastya did penance (an act showing sorrow or regret for sin) here, with the help of his wife,Lopamudra (the princess ofVidharba).[14]
SageKapila is said to have an ashram here, giving it its ancient name, Kapila or Kapilasthana.[15]
The legendary king,Bhagiratha, the great-grandson of theSuryavamsha KingSagara (an ancestor ofRama),[16] is said to have brought the river Ganges down from heaven, through years of penance inSatya Yuga, for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors from the curse of the SageKapila. This is a tradition continued by thousands of devout Hindus, who bring the ashes of their departed family members, in hope of their salvation.[17] Vishnu is said to have left his footprint on the stone that is set in the upper wall of Har Ki Pauri, where the Ganges touches it at all times.
Haridwar came under the rule of theMaurya Empire (322–185 BCE), and later under theKushan Empire (c. 1st–3rd centuries). Archaeological findings have proved thatterra cotta culture dating between 1700 BCE and 1200 BCE existed in this region.[18] The first modern era written evidence of Haridwar is found in the accounts of a Chinese traveller,Huan Tsang, who visited India in 629 CE.[19] during the reign ofKing Harshavardhana (590–647) records Haridwar as 'Mo-yu-lo', the remains of which still exist at Mayapur, a little to the south of the modern town. Among the ruins are a fort and three temples, decorated with broken stone sculptures,[20][21][22] he also mentions the presence of a temple, north of Mo-yu-lo called 'Gangadvara', Gateway of the Ganges.[20]
Head of theGanges Canal, Haridwar, ca1894–1898.Haridwar from the opposite bank of the Ganges, 1866
The city also fell to the Central Asian conquerorTimur Lang (1336–1405) on 13 January 1399.[23]
During his visit to Haridwar, first Sikh Guru,Guru Nanak (1469–1539) bathed at 'Kushawart Ghat', wherein the famous, 'watering the crops' episode took place,[24][25] his visit is today commemorated by agurudwara (Gurudwara Nanakwara), according to two SikhJanamsakhis, this visit took place on theBaisakhi day in 1504 CE, he later also visitedKankhal en route toKotdwara inGarhwal.[26] Pandas of the Haridwar have been known to keep genealogy records of most of the Hindu population. Known asVahis, these records are updated on each visit to the city, and are a repository of vast family trees of the family in North India.[26]
In the 16th century, the city came under the rule of theMughals.Ain-e-Akbari, written byAbul Fazal in the 16th century during the reign ofMughalEmperorAkbar, refers to it as Maya (Mayapur), known as Hardwar on theGanges", as seven sacred cities of Hindus. It further mentions it is eighteenkos (each approx. 2 km) in length, and large numbers of pilgrims assemble on the 10th of Chaitra.[27] It also mentions that during his travels and also while at home, Mughal Emperor, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called 'the water of immortality'. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed.[28]
During the Mughal period, Haridwar had a mint for Akbar's copper coinage at Haridwar. It is said that RajaMan Singh ofAmber, laid that foundation of the present-day city of Haridwar and also renovated the ghats at Har Ki Pauri. After his death, his ashes are also said to have been immersed at Brahma Kund.Thomas Coryat, an English traveller, who visited the city in the reign of EmperorJahangir (1596–1627) mentions it as 'Haridwara', the capital of Shiva.[20]
One of the two major dams on the river Ganges, the Bhimgoda, is situated here. Built in the 1840s, it diverts the waters of the Ganges to the Upper Ganges Canal, which irrigated the surrounding lands. Though this caused severe deterioration to the Ganges water flow, and is a major cause for the decay of the Ganges as an inland waterway, which till the 18th century was used heavily by the ships of theEast India Company, and a town as high up asTehri, was considered a port city The headworks of theGanges Canal system is located in Haridwar. The Upper Ganges Canal was opened in 1854 after the work began in April 1842,[29] prompted by the famine of 1837–38. The unique feature of the canal is the half-kilometre-longaqueduct over the Solani river atRoorkee, which raises the canal 25 m (82 ft) above the original river.
'Haridwar Union Municipality' was constituted in 1868, which included the then villages of Mayapur andKankhal. Haridwar was first connected with railways, viaLaksar, through branch line in 1886, when theAwadh andRohilakhand Railway line was extended throughRoorkee toSaharanpur, this was later extended toDehradun in 1900.[30]
Haridwar has been an abode of the weary in body, mind, and spirit. It has also been a centre of attraction for learning various arts, science, and culture. The city has a long-standing position as a great source ofAyurvedic medicines and herbal remedies and is home to the uniqueGurukul (school of traditional education), including theGurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, which has a vast campus, and has been providing traditional education of its own kind, since 1902. The development of Haridwar took an upturn in the 1960s, with the setting up of a temple of modern civilisation,BHEL, a 'MaharatnaPSU' in 1975, which brought along not just a its own township ofBHEL, Ranipur, close to the existing Ranipur village, but also a set of ancillaries in the region. TheUniversity of Roorkee, nowIIT Roorkee, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutes of learning in the fields of science and engineering.
The Ganges emerges from the mountains to touch the plains. The water in the river Ganges is mostly clear and generally cold, except in the monsoon, during which soil from the upper regions flows down into it.
The river Ganges flows in a series of channels separated from each other called aits, most of which are well wooded. Other minor seasonal streams are Ranipur Rao, Pathri Rao, Ravi Rao, Harnaui Rao, Begham Nadi etc.[32] A large part of the district is forested, andRajaji National Park is within the bounds of the district. Rajaji is accessible through different gates; the Ramgarh Gate and Mohand Gate are within 25 km (16 mi) of Dehradun, while the Motichur, Ranipur and Chilla Gates are just about 9 km (5.6 mi) from Haridwar. Kunaon Gate is 6 km (3.7 mi) fromRishikesh, andLaldhang gate is 25 km (16 mi) fromKotdwara.
Haridwar district, covering an area of about 2,360 km2 (910 sq mi), is in the southwestern part of Uttarakhand state of India.
Haridwar is situated at a height of 314 m (1,030 ft) from the sea level, betweenShivalik Hills in the North and Northeast and the Ganges River in the South.[32]
For centuries when Hindu ancestors visited the holy town of Haridwar for any purpose, it has been a custom to go to the Pandit who is in charge of one's family register and update the family'sfamily tree with details of marriages, births, and deaths from ones extended joint family.[34]
Distribution of religions †IncludesSikhs (1%),Buddhists (<0.2%).
As of 2011[update] India census, Haridwar district has population of 1,890,422 (2011). In 2001, the population was 1,447,187.[36]
Haridwar city has a 310,562 population (2011). Males constitute 54% of thepopulation and females, 46%. Haridwar has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 64%. In Haridwar, 12% of the population is under six years of age.
InHindu traditions, the 'PanchTirth' (Five Pilgrimages) within Haridwar, are "Gangadwar" (Har ki Pauri),Kushawart (Ghat inKankhal),Bilwa Tirtha (Mansa Devi Temple) andNeel Parvat (Chandi Devi Temple). There are several other temples and ashrams located in and around the city, a list of which can be found below. Also, alcohol and non-vegetarian food is not permitted in Haridwar.
This ghat was constructed by KingVikramaditya (1st century BCE) in memory of his brotherBharthari. It is believed that Bharthari came to Haridwar and meditated on the banks of the holy Ganges. When he died, his brother constructed a ghat in his name, which later came to be known as Har Ki Pauri. The most sacred ghat within Har Ki Pauri is Brahmakund. The evening prayer (Aarti) is offered at dusk toGoddess Ganga at Har Ki Pauri (steps of God Hara or Shiva). A spectacle of sound and colour is seen when after the ceremony, pilgrims floatDiyas (floral floats with lamps) and incense on the river, commemorating their deceased ancestors. Thousands of pilgrims from all around the world make a point to attend this prayer on their visit to Haridwar. On the night of Dussehra or a few days before that, the Ganga Canal is dried in Haridwar to clean the riverbed. The water is restored on Diwali. It is believed that on Dussera Maa Ganga goes to her father's house and returns after Bhai Duj or Bhai Phota. It is for this reason that the waters in the Ganga canal in Haridwar are partially dried on the night of Dussehra and the waters are restored on the day of Bhai Duj or Bhai Phota.[37][38]
The temple is dedicated to GoddessChandi, who sits atop the 'Neel Parvat' on the eastern bank of the river Ganges. It was constructed in 1929 CE by the king ofKashmir, Suchat Singh.Skanda Purana mentions a legend, in whichChanda-Munda, the Army Chief of a local Demon KingsShumbha andNishumbha were killed by goddessChandi here, after which the place got the name, Chandi Devi.
It is believed that the main statue was established by theAdi Shankaracharya in the 8th century CE. The temple is a 3 km (1.9 mi) trek from Chandighat and can also be reached through a ropeway. The temple's present structure was built in 1929 AD by Suchat Singh, a ruler of Kashmir.
The temple had an 800-year-old ritual animal sacrifice tradition wherein a goat was sacrificed on theSaptmi to Goddess Chandi. In 2015, the tradition was stopped by the head priest citing lowered acceptance by locals.[39]
The temple of GoddessMansa Devi is situated at the top of the Bilva Parvat, literally means 'goddess fulfilling desires'. The main temple houses two idols of the Goddess, one with three mouths and five arms, while the other one has eight arms.
Haridwar was previously known as Mayapuri which is because of the Goddess Maya Devi. Dating to the 11th century CE, this ancient temple of Maya Devi, theAdhishthatri Devi (Patron Goddess) of Haridwar, is considered one of the Siddhapithas and is said to be the place where the heart and navel of GoddessSati had fallen. It is one of few ancient temples still standing in Haridwar, along with Narayani Shila temple and Bhairav Temple.
Located close to the Birla Ghat, near Laltarao Pul is a temple dedicated to Goddess Ganga.[40] This temple was established by Jayandra Saraswati, Shankaracharya of Kanchi Kamakoti, a few decades ago.[41] The temple, built in South-Indian style, has a traditional custom of decorating the goddess with vegetables and dry fruits, giving her the title of Shakumbhari on Ashtami Pooja, the eighth day of Navratri.[40]
The ancient temple ofDaksha Mahadev also known as Daksheshwar Mahadev Temple has situated in the southKankhal town. According to Hindu texts, KingDakshaPrajapati, father ofDakshayani, Shiva's first wife, performed a yagña, to which he deliberately did not invite Shiva. When she arrived uninvited, he was further insulted by the king, seeing which Sati felt infuriated and self-immolated herself in theyagna kund. King Daksha was later killed byVirabhadra, born out of Shiva's anger. Later the king was brought to life and given a goat's head byShiva. Daksha Mahadev temple is a tribute to this legend.
Sati Kund, another historical heritage is situated in theKankhal. Legend has it that Sati immolated herself in thiskund.
Bharat Mata Mandir is a multi-storey temple dedicated toBharat Mata (Mother India).Bharat Mata Mandir was inaugurated on 15 May 1983 byIndira Gandhi on the banks of the river Ganges. It is situated adjacent to theSamanvaya Ashram, and stands eight stories tall to a height of 180 feet (55 m). Each floor depicts an era in the Indian history, from the days ofRamayana[dubious –discuss] until India's independence.
On the first floor is the statue ofBharat Mata. The second floor,Shur Mandir, is dedicated to the well-renowned heroes of India. The third floorMatri Mandir is dedicated to the achievements of India's revered women, such asRadha,Mira,Savitri,Draupadi,Ahilya,Anusuya,Maitreyi,Gargi etc. The great saints from various religions, includingJainism,Sikhism, andBuddhism are featured on the fourth floorSant Mandir. The assembly hall with walls depicting symbolic coexistence of all religions practised in India and paintings portraying history in various provinces is situated on the fifth floor. The various forms of the GoddessShakti can be seen on the sixth floor, whilst the seventh floor is devoted to all incarnations ofVishnu. The eighth floor holds the shrine ofShiva.[citation needed]
The temple was built under the former Shankaracharya Maha-MandleshwarSwami Satyamitranand Giri Maharaj. Since the inception of the Swami Satyamitranand foundation in 1998, several other branches have been opened, namely in Renukut, Jabalpur, Jodhpur, Indore, and Ahmedabad. It is presently under The Junapeethadheesh, Acharya Shree Mahamandaleshwar Swami Avdheshanand Giri Ji Maharaj.
Dudhadhari Barfani Temple, part of the ashram of Dudhadhari Barfani Baba, was constructed from shining white marble and honoursRama-Sita and Hanumana.[citation needed]Sureshvari Devi Temple, a temple dedicated to the goddess Sureshwari, is situated in the middle of Rajaji National Park, and thus is only accessible with permission from forest rangers. Pawan Dham is a modern temple made entirely of glass pieces, which is now a tourist destination.
Shiva statue by the Ganges, across Har-ki-Pauri, Haridwar
One of the most sacred temples in Haridwar is Tirupati Balaji Mandir. The temple, which is built in the Dravidian architectural style, is located 4.5 km (2.8 mi) away from Har Ki Pauri. It is a major pilgrimage centre of Haridwar in Uttarakhand. The image of the temple deity represents both Vishnu and Shiva ( Vishnu is considered as the preserver whereas Shiva is considered as the destroyer in Hindu religion).
Sapt Rishi Ashram at Sapt Sarovar, near the bank of the Ganga, is a meditation and yoga centre. The Ashram, established in 1943 by Guru Goswami Dutt, provides lodging, meals and free education for poor kids. Sapt Rishi Ashram, as its name would suggest, was the place where seven sages, namely Kashyapa, Vashisht, Atri, Vishwamitra, Jamadagi, Bharadwaja and Gautam, meditated. As per the mythological records, when all the sages were meditating, they were disturbed by the gushing sound of river Ganges. Annoyed and irritated due to sound, all seven of them were trapped in the flow of the river. Later, Ganges River splits into seven water streams so there is less noise. Those seven river streams are now known as Sapt Sarovar, and the point where the seven sages meditated is called as Saptrishi Ashram.
Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir
In the Harihar Ashram, Kankhal, the Parad Shivalinga (Mercury Shivalinga) weighing about 150 kg and aRudraksha tree are the main attractions for pilgrims and tourists.[citation needed] The Ramanand Ashram, situated in the Shravan Nath Nagar district near the railway station, is the main ashram of Ramanand Sampraday in Haridwar. The Uma Maheswar Sanyas Ashram lies on the banks of the Ganga, in Bairagi Camp; while the Anandamayi Maa Ashram is located inKankhal, one of five sub-cities of Haridwar, and houses the samadhi shrine ofSri Anandamoyi Ma (1896–1982), a noted saint of India.Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal was established in 1901 bya monastic disciple ofSwami Vivekananda.Shantikunj is the headquarters of the spiritual and social organisation All World Gayatri Pariwar (AWGP) established by Pandit Shriram Sharma Acharya. Located six km (3.7 mi) from Haridwar railway station, at the bank of the Ganges and under the Shivalik Himalayas, it is a place of attraction for tourists as well as seekers of spiritual guidance.
Pantanjali Yogpeeth
The Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir was built in 1990 by Jain saint Shri Padam Sagar Suri. This temple is built by Jaisalmer stone in Jain architectural style. Moolnayak of this temple is a black coloured idol of Chintamani Parshwnath Bhagwan in Padmasan posture. Idols of Shri Parshv Yaksha and Mata Padmawati on both sides of the main idol. There is also an idol of Rishabhanatha made up of white marble. There is small temple of Shri Ghantakaran Mahavir Ji and charan-paduka's (foot imprints) near this temple. The temple also has a dharmshala for accommodation of around 1000 pilgrims at a time.[43][44][45]
ThePatanjali Yogpeeth is situated in Haridwar-Delhi Highway. This is a yoga institution and research centre ofSwami Ramdev. Every day thousands of people come here for yoga and other purposes. The Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama is a branch of the worldwideRamakrishna Movement. The Mission centre was founded in 1901, and the Math centre was started in 1980. The Math centre conducts daily worship and bhajans, and fortnightly Ramnam Sankirtan.
Note the use of the puranic name 'Maya' for Haridwar. As also the inter-change usage ofPuri andDwaraka.
TheGaruḍa Purāṇa enumerates seven cities as the giver ofMoksha. Haridwar is said to be one of the seven most holyHindu places (=Kṣetra) in India. A Kṣetra is sacred ground, a field of active power, a place whereMoksha, final release can be obtained.
In 2002 meat sales were banned in the main city of Haridwar. The ban was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2004.[47] No meat, fish, or eggs are sold within the city limits.[48][49]
Situated in Haridwar-Delhi highway, it is the part of Patanjali group. 'Acharyakulam' was inaugurated on 26 April 2013. This is a residential institution.
Situated inKankhal, at the banks of the river Ganges,Gurukul Kangri University is one of the oldest Universities of India, it was founded in 1902 bySwami Shraddhananda (1856–1926), according to the tenets ofSwami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder ofArya Samaj. It has also been visited by British Trade Union leaderCharles Freer Andrews and British prime minister,Ramsay MacDonald, to study the uniqueGurukul based education system. Here Ancient Vedic and Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda, Philosophy are part of the curriculum besides Modern Sciences and Journalism. Its 'Archaeological Museum', (established 1945) houses some rare statues, coins, paintings, manuscripts, and artefacts, starting fromIndus Valley civilisation culture (c. 2500–1500 BCE).Mahatma Gandhi visited the campus three times, and stayed in its sprawling and serene campus for extended periods of time, most notably during the 1915Kumbh mela,[50] followed by a visit in 1916, when on 20 March, he spoke at Gurukul Anniversary.[51]
Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya was established in 2002 by the act of the Uttarakhand Government is a fully residential university. Run by Shri Vedmata Gayatri Trust,Shantikunj, Haridwar (headquarters ofAll World Gayatri Pariwar), it provides various degree, diploma and certificate courses in areas like Yogic Science, Alternative Therapy, Indian Culture, Tourism, Rural Management, Theology, Spiritual Counseling, etc. It also provides courses throughdistance learning.
Set up by the Government of Uttarakhand, the university is dedicated to studies of ancient Sanskrit scriptures and books. It also has a curriculum covering ancient Hindu rituals, culture, and tradition, and boasts of a building inspired by ancient Hindu architecture style.
It was established in the year 2002. HEC College provides Undergraduate, Postgraduate, PG diploma courses. The courses are in the field of commerce, Management, Science, Lib. Science and Arts and it is affiliated to HNB Garhwal University, Sri Nagar, Garhwal, and Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University, Badshahithol, Tehri Garhwal.
There are two State Ayurvedic College & Hospital in Haridwar, one is Rishikul State Ayurvedic College (has PG level courses) and the other is Gurukul Ayurvedic College.
B.H.E.L., Ranipur TownshipThe campus ofBharat Heavy Electricals Limited, aMaharatnaPublic Sector Undertaking (PSU) is spread across an area of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi). The main factory consists of two divisions: the Heavy Electricals Equipment Plant (HEEP), and the Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP). Together they employ over 8000 skilled employees. The campus is divided into six sectors providing excellent residential, schooling and medical facilities.
Bahadrabad – 7 km (4.3 mi)It is located on the Haridwar–Delhi National Highway at a distance of 7 km (4.3 mi) from Haridwar. Close by, in village Pathri, lies theBhimgoda Barrage built on the Upper Ganges Canal in 1955. It also has a block development office responsible for many developed villages (e.g. Khedli, Kisanpur Rohalki, Atmalpur Bongla, Sitapur, Alipur, Salempur).
SIDCUL – 5 km (3.1 mi)A massive industrial area, spread over 2,034 acres (823 ha), developed byState Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL), a state government body. With the arrival of big enterprises likeITC,Hindustan Unilever Limited,Dabur,Mahindra & Mahindra, Havells and Kirby, SIDCUL is set to develop into another industrial township within the city. three km (1.9 mi) away from the Delhi-Hardwar National Highway, SIDCUL lies adjacent to theBHEL Township, an important Public Sector township.
Shivalik NagarOne of the newest and biggest residential areas of Haridwar. It is divided into various clusters. It was originally developed as a residential colony for BHEL employees, but with the advent of SIDCUL, population and financial activity has grown rapidly in the area due to its proximity.
Haridwar is rapidly developing as an important industrial township of Uttarakhand since the state government agency, SIIDCUL established in 2002, set up the Integrated Industrial Estate in a district attracting many important industrial houses which are setting up manufacturing facilities in the area. According to list of allottee provided by SIIDCUL, the industrial estate is home to over 650 companies currently.[53]
Haridwar has an industrial area situated at the bypass road, comprising mainly ancillary units to PSU,BHEL, which was established here in 1964 and currently employs over 8000 people.
BesidesHurdwar, a Place of Hindoo Pilgrimage referred to above, an engraving of a painting entitledHurdwar, The Gate of Vishnou. by William Purser with a poetical illustration byLetitia Elizabeth Landon was published inFisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838.[54]
^Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 178.
^Singh, Vikash (2017).Uprising of the Fools. Stanford University Press.ISBN9781503601673.
^HardwarArchived 20 September 2011 at theWayback MachineAin-e-Akbari, byAbul Fazl 'Allami, Volume I, A´I´N 22. The A´bda´r Kha´nah. P 55. Translated from the original Persian, byHeinrich Blochmann and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1873–1907. "His Majesty calls this source of life "the water of immortality," and has committed the care of this department to proper persons... Both at home and on travels, he drinks Ganges water."
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