The genre developed into a major form ofpopular music in the 1970s, with the Who, Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple being joined byBlack Sabbath,Alice Cooper,Aerosmith,Kiss,Queen,AC/DC,Thin Lizzy andVan Halen. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towardspop rock.[2][3] Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and hard rock reached a commercial peak in the 1980s withglam metal bands such asMötley Crüe,Bon Jovi andDef Leppard as well as the rawer sounds ofGuns N' Roses which followed with great success in the later part of that decade.
Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of R&B,hip-hop, urban pop,grunge and laterBritpop in the 1990s. Despite this, manypost-grunge bands adopted a hard rock sound and the 2000s saw a renewed interest in established bands, attempts at a revival, and new hard rock bands. In the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers.
Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used withdistortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a sololead instrument.[5] Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and abackbeat on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis.[6] The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars.[7] Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or evenfalsetto voice.[8]
In the late-1960s, the termheavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity.[9] While hard rock maintained a bluesyrock and roll identity, including someswing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them.[5] In the 1980s, heavy metal developed a number of subgenres, often termedextreme metal, some of which were influenced byhardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles.[7] Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have coexisted with one another, with bands frequently flirting with the boundaries of, or hybridizing the genres.[10]
Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound includedCream,the Jimi Hendrix Experience, andthe Jeff Beck Group.[5] Cream, in songs like "I Feel Free" (1966), combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos ofEric Clapton.[22] Cream's best known-song, "Sunshine of Your Love" (1967), is sometimes considered to be the culmination of the British adaptation of blues into rock and a direct precursor of Led Zeppelin's style of hard rock and heavy metal.[23] Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements ofjazz, blues and rock and roll.[24] From 1967,Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, the Jeff Beck Group.[25]Dave Davies of the Kinks,Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones,Pete Townshend of the Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects likephasing,feedback anddistortion.[26]The Doors'debut album, released in 1967, included songs like "Soul Kitchen", "Twentieth Century Fox", and a cover version of "Back Door Man", which were what music journalistStephen Davis characterized as "enough hard rock tracks".[27] One track that stands out as especially heavy for its time is the last 1:10 of "I Feel Much Better" by theSmall Faces, recorded in May 1967. The first 2:46 is typical psychedelic fare of the time, but then the song suddenly changes into a hard bass-and-guitar power chord withSteve Marriott's rhythm guitar and gut bucket singing, equal to the heaviest rock to be heard later.The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with their 1968 double albumThe Beatles (also known as the "White Album") and, with the track "Helter Skelter", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who.[28]Stephen Thomas Erlewine ofAllMusic has referred to the "proto-metal roar" of "Helter Skelter",[29] whileIan MacDonald called it "ridiculous, with McCartney shrieking weedily against a massively tape-echoed backdrop of out-of-tune thrashing".[28]
Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time includedIron Butterfly,MC5,Blue Cheer andVanilla Fudge.[30] San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover ofEddie Cochran's classic "Summertime Blues", from their 1968 debut albumVincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound.[30] The same month,Steppenwolf released itsself-titled debut album, including "Born to Be Wild", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the filmEasy Rider (1969).[30] Iron Butterfly'sIn-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-longtitle track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.[30]
By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands likeLed Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albumsLed Zeppelin (1969) andLed Zeppelin II (1969), andDeep Purple, who began as aprogressive rock group in 1968 but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album,Deep Purple in Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath'sParanoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements ofGothic horror.[31] All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands likeJudas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.[5]
In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones further developed their hard rock sound withExile on Main St.[32] (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album".[33] They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums includingIt's Only Rock 'n' Roll[34] (1974) andBlack and Blue (1976).[35] Led Zeppelin began to mix elements ofworld and folk music into their hard rock fromLed Zeppelin III[36] (1970) andLed Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track "Stairway to Heaven",[37] which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio.[38] Deep Purple continued to define their unique brand of hard rock, particularly with their albumMachine Head (1972), which included the tracks "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water".[39] In 1975 guitaristRitchie Blackmore left, going on to formRainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalistDavid Coverdale formedWhitesnake.[40] 1970 saw the Who releaseLive at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed albumWho's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers.[41] Subsequent albums, includingQuadrophenia (1973), built on this sound beforeWho Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummerKeith Moon later that year.[42]
Emerging British acts includedFree, who released their signature song "All Right Now" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US.[43] After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalistPaul Rodgers joinedsupergroupBad Company, whoseeponymous first album (1974) was an international hit.[44] UK bandFoghat also found success throughout the decade with their boogie and blues style. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands likeUriah Heep andArgent.[45] Scottish bandNazareth released theirself-titled début album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling,Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad "Love Hurts".[46] Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s,Queen, after the release ofSheer Heart Attack (1974) andA Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and evenopera.[2] The latter featured the hit single "Bohemian Rhapsody".[47]
From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trioRush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush,Fly by Night andCaress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album2112.[62][63] Also from Canada,Triumph released theirdebut album in 1976 before their breakthrough came in the form of theJust a Game album in 1979. Later, the band's streak of popularity continued with theAllied Forces album in 1981. The Irish bandThin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock albumJailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town". Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak withBlack Rose: A Rock Legend (1979).[64] The arrival of theScorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre.[31] Australian-formedAC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albumsLet There Be Rock (1977) andHighway to Hell (1979).[65] Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands likeMotörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music,[66] further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create thenew wave of British heavy metal which was pursued by bands likeIron Maiden,Saxon, andVenom.[67]
With the rise ofdisco in the US andpunk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held.[68] Early punk bands like theRamones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in under three minutes with no guitar solos.[69] However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom ofForeigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s.[70]Midwestern groups likeKansas,REO Speedwagon andStyx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock.[71] In 1978,Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitaristEddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs calledtapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the albumVan Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.[72] In the 1970s and 80s, several European bands, including the GermanMichael Schenker Group, the Swedish bandEurope, and Dutch bandsGolden Earring,Vandenberg andVengeance experienced success in Europe and internationally.
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths ofBon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, andJohn Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin.[73] Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the albumBack in Black (1980) with their new lead singer,Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world.[74] Black Sabbath had split with original singerOzzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him withRonnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning withHeaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career withBlizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitaristRandy Rhoads.[75] Some bands, such asQueen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towardspop rock,[2][3] while others, including Rush withMoving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound.[62] The creation ofthrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements ofhardcore punk from about 1982, particularly byMetallica,Anthrax,Megadeth andSlayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound.[76][77]Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for theirLick It Up album,[78] and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release,Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success.[79]Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, releasing four consecutive US Top Five albums between 1980 and 1983.[80]
Often categorised with the new wave of British heavy metal, in 1981Def Leppard released their second albumHigh 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade.[81] The follow-upPyromania (1983) was a big hit and the singles "Photograph", "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'", helped by the emergence ofMTV, were successful.[81] It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californianglam metal scene. This was followed by US acts likeMötley Crüe, with their albumsToo Fast for Love (1981) andShout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such asRatt,[82]White Lion,[83]Twisted Sister andQuiet Riot.[84] Quiet Riot's albumMetal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in theBillboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.[85]
Poison, seen here in 2008, were among the most successful acts of the 1980s glam metal era.
Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classicMachine Head line-up to producePerfect Strangers (1984) which was a platinum-seller in the US and reached the top ten in nine other countries.[86] After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album,Fair Warning,Van Halen rebounded withDiver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with1984.Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which contained four hit singles.[87] The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard-edged blues rock withnew wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "Gimme All Your Lovin'" (1983), which helped their albumsEliminator (1983) andAfterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively.[88] Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984), Journey with "Don't Stop Believin'" (1981) and "Open Arms" (1982),[57]Foreigner's "Waiting for a Girl Like You" (1981) and "I Want to Know What Love Is" (1984),[89]Scorpions' "Still Loving You" (1984), Heart's "What About Love" (1985) andBoston's "Amanda" (1986).[90]
Bon Jovi's third album,Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity selling 15 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three hit singles.[91] The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade.[92] The anthemicThe Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish groupEurope was an international hit.[93] This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with bothPoison andCinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986.[94][95]Van Halen released5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which sold over 6 million copies.[72] By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.[96]
Original member Izzy Stradlin' on stage withGuns N' Roses in 2006
Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, withWhitesnake'sself-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "Here I Go Again '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-upSlip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success ofWhitesnake".[97] Aerosmith's comeback albumPermanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity.[98]Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's biggest hit album since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK.[99] Mötley Crüe withGirls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success[100] and Def Leppard withHysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing six hit singles (a record for a hard rock act).[81]Guns N' Roses released the best-selling début of all time,Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three hits, including "Sweet Child O' Mine".[101] Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albumsPride (1987) andLong Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles.[83][95] In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes wereNew Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi,[102]OU812 (1988) byVan Halen,[72]Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) byPoison,[94]Pump (1989) by Aerosmith,[98] and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful albumDr. Feelgood (1989).[100]New Jersey spawned five hit singles. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums wereOU812,Hysteria,Appetite for Destruction, andNew Jersey.[103][104][105][106] A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among themExtreme,[107]Warrant[108]Slaughter[109] andFireHouse.[110]Skid Row also released theireponymous début (1989), but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.[111]
Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC'sThe Razors Edge (1990), Guns N' Roses'Use Your Illusion I andUse Your Illusion II (both in 1991),[101] Ozzy Osbourne'sNo More Tears (1991),[112] and Van Halen'sFor Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991) showcased this popularity.[72] Additionally,the Black Crowes released their debut album,Shake Your Money Maker (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies.[113][114] In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987'sHysteria withAdrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks.[115]
Nirvana were at the forefront of the 1990sgrunge era.
While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade,alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form ofgrunge in the US andBritpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success ofNirvana'sNevermind (1991), which combined elements ofhardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors.[116][117][118] Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, includingPearl Jam,[119]Alice in Chains,Mother Love Bone andSoundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, whileStone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock.[120][121] However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal.[116] In the UK,Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.[5] Welsh bandManic Street Preachers emerged in 1991 with a soundStephen Thomas Erlewine proclaimed to be "crunching hard-rock".[122] By 1996, the band enjoyed remarkable vogue throughout much of the world, but were commercially unsuccessful in the U.S.[122]
In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt,[82] White Lion[83] and Cinderella[95] broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s.[117] Other bands such as Mötley Crüe[100] and Poison[94] saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen releasedBalance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, formerExtreme singerGary Cherone, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 albumVan Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004.[72] Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. DrummerSteven Adler was fired in 1990, guitaristIzzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recordingUse Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singerAxl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers albumThe Spaghetti Incident? GuitaristSlash left in 1996, followed by bassistDuff McKagan in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete.[123] Slash and McKagan eventually rejoined the band in 2016 and went on theNot in this Lifetime... Tour with them.
Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums:Get a Grip (1993), which produced four hit singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), andNine Lives (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the hit "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing".[98] AC/DC produced the double platinumBallbreaker (1995).[124] Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as "Keep the Faith" (1992), but also achieved success inadult contemporary radio, with the hit ballads "Bed of Roses" (1993) and "Always" (1994).[102] Bon Jovi's 1995 albumThese Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States,[125] spawning four hit singles in the UK.[126] Metallica'sLoad (1996) andReLoad (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound.[127] As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade,post-grunge bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock.[128] Among the most successful acts were theFoo Fighters,Candlebox,Live,Collective Soul, Australia'sSilverchair and England'sBush, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s.[118][128] Similarly, somepost-Britpop bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, includingFeeder andStereophonics, adopted a hard rock or "pop-metal" sound.[129][130]
Aerosmith performing atQuilmes Rock in Buenos Aires, Argentina on April 15, 2007
A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified albumCrush (2000).[102] and AC/DC released the platinum-certifiedStiff Upper Lip (2000)[124] Aerosmith released a platinum album,Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album,Honkin' on Bobo.[98]Heart achieved their first hit album since the early 90s withRed Velvet Car in 2010,[131] becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007),[132] the Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassistJohn Entwistle until 2006)[133] and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010)[134] and even a one-off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007),[135] renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such asAudioslave (with former members ofRage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) andVelvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk bandWasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singerScott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively.[136][137] The long-awaited Guns N' Roses albumChinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material.[138] More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certifiedBlack Ice (2008).[124] Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching intocountry music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", and the rock/country albumLost Highway (2007). In 2009, Bon Jovi releasedThe Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.[102]
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