| Harbin Ice and Snow World | |
|---|---|
 During the 2003 festival | |
| Genre | Winter festival |
| Locations | Harbin,China |
| Coordinates | 45°46′42″N126°33′23″E / 45.77837°N 126.55626°E /45.77837; 126.55626 |
| Years active | 1963–present |
| Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 哈爾濱國際冰雪節 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 哈尔滨国际冰雪节 | ||||||
| |||||||
Harbin Ice and Snow World (Chinese:哈尔滨冰雪世界;pinyin:Hā'ěrbīn Bīngxuě Shìjiè) is an annualwinter festival that takes place inHarbin,Heilongjiang,China, and is now the largest ice and snow festival in the world. The festival includes the popular attractionIce and Snow World (冰雪大世界). Initially, the festival primarily attracted Chinese participants. Over time, however, it has grown into an international event and competition, drawing 3.56 million visitors and generating 266.17 billionyuan ($36.71 billion) of revenue in 2025.[1] The festival includes the world's biggestice sculptures.[2]
The festival exhibits open from late December to late February.[3] While ice sculptures are erected throughout the city, there are two main exhibition areas:
During the festival, there are ice lantern park touring activities held in many parks in the city. Winter activities during the festival includeYabulialpine skiing, winter-swimming in the Songhua River, and the ice-lantern exhibition in Zhaolin Garden.
Harbin is located inNortheast China and receives cold winter wind fromSiberia. The average temperature in summer is 21.2 °C (70.2 °F), and –16.8 °C (1.8 °F) in winter. Annual lows of -25 °C (–13 °F) are not uncommon.[4][5]
The festival originated in Harbin's traditional ice lantern show and garden party that takes place in winter, which began in 1963. It was interrupted for a number of years during theCultural Revolution, but has since been resumed when an annual event at Zhaolin Park was announced on January 5, 1985.[6]
In 2001 the Harbin Ice Festival was merged withHeilongjiang's International Ski Festival and got its new formal name, the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival.[7]
In 2007, the festival featured aCanadian themed sculpture, in memory of Canadian doctorNorman Bethune. It was awarded aGuinness World Record for the world's largest snow sculpture: 250 metres long, 28 feet (8.5 m) high, using over 13,000 cubic metres of snow. The composition consisted of two parts: the "Niagara Falls" and the "crossing theBering Strait" (the latter depicting the migration of theFirst Nations).
In 2014, the festival celebrated its 30th anniversary with the theme "50-Year Ice Snow, Charming Harbin". Various fairs, competitions and expos were held from December 20, 2013 to February 28, 2014.[8][9]
In 2015, the 31st Harbin Ice Snow Festival opened on January 5 and was themed "Ice Snow Harbin, Charming China Dreams around the world" with opening ceremony, firework show, ice lanterns, birthday parties, snow sculpture competitions and expos, as well as winter swimming, winter fishing, group wedding ceremony, fashion shows, concerts, ice sport games lasting from December 22, 2014 to early March 2015.[10]
At the 35th annual festival held in 2019, the festival's most popular attraction, the Harbin Ice and Snow World, took up over 600,000 square meters and included more than 100 landmarks. It was made from 110,000 cubic meters of ice and 120,000 cubic meters of snow. The festival also included ice sculptures by artists from 12 different countries competing in the annual competition.[6]
Celebrating its 36th year in 2020, this festival is presently viewed as one of the world's top winter celebrations, joining the ranks of theSapporo Snow Festival in Japan, Canada'sQuebec Winter Carnival and Norway'sHolmenkollen Ski Festival. In 2020, the sculptures were produced using roughly 220,000 cubic meters of ice blocks, all pulled from the nearbySonghua River.[11]
In 2021, the festival did not take place in full capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[12]
The festival was also part of the cultural program of the2009 Winter Universiade and the2025 Asian Winter Games. At the Asian Games, the cauldron was part of the festival's main plaza activities.
Swing saws are used to carve ice into blocks, taken from the frozen surface of theSonghua River.[13]Chisels,ice picks and various types ofsaws are then used byice sculptors to carve out large scaledice sculptures,[14] many of them intricately designed[13] and worked on all day and night prior to the commencement of the festival. Deionised water can also be used, producing ice blocks as transparent as glass to make clear sculptures rather than translucent ones.[15] Multicoloured lights[16] are also used to give colour to ice, creating variations on sculptured spectacles when lit up especially at night. Some ice sculptures made in previous years include: buildings and monuments of different architectural types and styles, figures including animals people and mythical creatures, slippery dips or ice slides and lanterns.[17][18] Apart from winter recreational activities available inHarbin, these exquisitely detailed, mass-produced ice sculptures are the main draw card in attracting tourists around the world to the festival.[16]
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