| Harari | |
|---|---|
| ሀረሪ (hăräri) | |
 18th centurymanuscript in the Harari language; titledKitāb Al Farā'id | |
| Native to | Ethiopia |
| Region | Harari Region |
| Ethnicity | 32,000Harari (2007 census)[1] |
| Speakers | L1: 27,000 (2007 census)[1][2][3] L2: 8,300[1] |
Early forms | Old Harari
|
| Ge'ez script[1] (officially) Arabic script (formerly) Latin script (informally; diaspora) Harari script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | har |
| Glottolog | hara1271 |
Harari is anEthio-Semitic language spoken by theHarari people ofEthiopia.Old Harari is a literary language of the city ofHarar, a central hub ofIslam in theHorn of Africa.[4] According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, it is spoken by 25,810 people. Harari is closely related to theEastern Gurage languages,Zay, andSiltʼe, all of whom are believed to be linked to the now extinct SemiticHarla language.[5][6] Locals or natives of Harar refer to their language asGēy Sinan orGēy Ritma'language of the City' (Gēy is the word for how Harari speakers refer to the city ofHarar, whose name is anexonym).[7] According toWolf Leslau,Sidama is the substratum language of Harari and influenced the vocabulary greatly.[8] He identified unique Cushitic loanwords found only in Harari and deduced that it may have Cushitic roots.[9]
Harari was originally written with a version of the Arabic script, Harari script, then the Ethiopic script was adopted to write the language.[10] Some Harari speakers in diaspora write their language with the Latin alphabet.
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | ||
| Close | ɪ | iː | ɨ | ʊ | uː |
| Mid | e | eː | o | oː | |
| Open | æ | aː | |||
Wolf Leslau discusses Harari–East Gurage phonology and grammar:[11]The noun has two numbers, singular and plural. The affix-ač changes singulars into plurals:
Nouns ending ina ori become plural without reduplicating this letter:
/s/ alternates with /z/:
Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into-it, or adds-it to the terminal consonant:
Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process:
The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means ofkorma'male or man' andinistí'woman, female', corresponding to English "he-" and "she-":
| English | Independent | Object pronoun suffixes | Possessive suffixes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | Prepositional | ||||
| Benefactive | Locative/adversative | ||||
| I | ኣን an | ||||
| you (m. sg.) | አኻኽ äkhakh | ||||
| you (f. sg.) | አኻሽ akhâsh | ||||
| you (polite/formal) | አኻኹ akhâkhu | ||||
| he/him | አዝዞ äzzo | ||||
| she/her | አዝዜ äzze | ||||
| s/he (polite/formal) | አዝዚዩ äzziyu | ||||
| we | ኢኛች ignâch | ||||
| you (pl.) | አኻኻች akhâkhâch | ||||
| they | አዝዚያች äzziyach | ||||
| Number, Gender | Near | Far | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masculine | ዪ yi (i) | የእ yäǝ |
| Feminine | ኢትተ ittä | የትተ yättä | |
| Plural | ዪያች yiyâch | የኣች Ya’âch | |
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Án | Innách or Inyách. |
| 2 | Akhákh | Akhákhách |
| 3 | Azo | (383)[clarification needed] Azziyách |
The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:
Singular.
Plural.
In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs:
The demonstrative pronouns are:
The interrogative pronouns are the following:
The following are the two auxiliary verbs:
| Past | Present | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Negative | Affirmative | Negative | ||||
| Person | (s) | 1 | Án narkhú. | Án alnárkhúm. | Án halkho. | Án elkhúm. | |
| 2 | Akhákh nárkhí. | Akhákh alnárkhím. | Akhákh halkhí. | Akhákh elkhím. | Hal. | ||
| 3 | Azo nárá. | Azo alnárám. | Azo hal (<A>[clarification needed]). | Azo elúm. | |||
| (pl) | 1 | Inyách nárná. | Inyách alnárnám. | Inyách halna. | Inyách elnám. | ||
| 2 | Akhákhách narkhú. | Akhákhách alnárkhúm. | Akhákhách halkhú. | Akhákhách elkhúm. | Halkhú. | ||
| 3 | Aziyách nárú. | Aziyách alnárúm. | Aziyách halú | Aziyásc elúm. | |||
Past tense
Present tense
Imperative
Prohibitive
Past tense
(Affirmative form)
(Negative form)
Present tense.
(Affirmative form)
(Negative form)
Harari today is generally written in three scripts. It was originally written in an unmodified and now in a standardized modifiedArabic Script.[12][13][14] TheEthiopic script was then adopted to write Harari.[12] There is a Latin version of the script used by the Harari diaspora.[13][15]
Historically the language was also written in native Harari secret script until the late 70s.[16]
Harari Arabic script consists of 36 letters, made up of the original 28 Arabic letters, plus 8 additional letters for sounds unique to Harari or to loanwords of European origin. 8 of the original 28 letters are only used for writing of loanwords of Arabic origin (shown in beige in the table below). 2 of the 8 new letters are only used for writing of loanwords of European origin (shown in green in the table below).
Harari Arabic script is also made up of 5 vowel diacritics. A unique and noteworthy feature of this script is that it indicates stressed syllables in an explicit manner, as explained in the following section.
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | IPA | Romanization | Ge'ez Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| أ / إ | ـا | ا | [∅ /ʔ] | a / ' | አ | |
| ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | [b] | b | በ |
| پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | [p] | p | ፐ |
| ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | [t] | t | ተ |
| ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | [θ] | ṫ | ሠ |
| ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | [dʒ] | j | ጀ |
| ݘ | ـݘ | ـݘـ | ݘـ | [g] | g | ገ |
| ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | [ħ] | ḣ | ሐ |
| خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | [x] | kh | ኸ |
| د | ـد | د | [d] | d | ደ | |
| ذ | ـذ | ذ | [ð] | dh | ፀ | |
| ر | ـر | ر | [r] | r | ረ | |
| ز | ـز | ز | [z] | z | ዘ | |
| ژ | ـژ | ژ | [ʒ] | zh | ዠ | |
| س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | [s] | s | ሰ |
| ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | [ʃ] | sh | ሸ |
| ڛ | ـڛ | ـڛـ | ڛـ | [tʃ] | ch | ቸ |
| ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | [sˁ] | ṡ | ጸ |
| ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | [dˁ] | ḋ | ጰ |
| ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | [t’] | x | ጠ |
| ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | [zˁ] | ż | ⶰ |
| ڟ | ـڟ | ـڟـ | ڟـ | [tʃ’] | c | ጨ |
| ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | [ʕ] | ȧ | ዐ |
| غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | [ɣ] | gh | ኀ |
| ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | [ɣ] | f | ፈ |
| ڤ | ـڤ | ـڤـ | ڤـ | [v] | v | ቨ |
| ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | [q] | q | ቀ |
| ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | [k] | k | ከ |
| ڬ | ـڬ | ـڬـ | ڬـ | [k’] | xh | ዸ |
| ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | [l] | l | ለ |
| م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | [m] | m | መ |
| ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | [n] | n | ነ |
| ڹ | ـڹ | ـڹـ | ڹـ | [ɲ] | gn | ኘ |
| ه | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | [h] | h | ሀ |
| و | ـو | و | [w] | w | ወ | |
| ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | [j] | y | የ |
In Harari Arabic script, there are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u). These vowels are shown withthe three Arabic diacritics (a, i, u), plus two additional diacritics (e, o). Furthermore, in Harari Arabic script, vowels are also distinguished by length, indicated bymater lectionis letters, and by stress, indicated by a combination ofhamza andmater lectionis letters.
| Independent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short vowel | long vowel | Short stressed vowel | long stressed vowel | |
| a | أَ ( a ) [æ] | ءَا ( â ) [aː] | ءَأْ ( aʼ ) [ˈæ] | ءَاءْ ( âʼ ) [ˈaː] |
| e | إٛ ( e ) [e] | إٛىـ / إٛى ( ê ) [eː] | ءٛئْـ / ءٛئْ ( eʼ ) [ˈe] | إٛىءْ ( êʼ ) [ˈeː] |
| i | إِ ( i ) [ɪ] | إِىـ / إِى ( î ) [iː] | ءِئْـ / ءِئْ ( iʼ ) [ˈɪ] | إِىءْ ( îʼ ) [ˈiː] |
| o | أٚ ( o ) [o] | أٚو ( ô ) [oː] | ءٚؤْ ( oʼ ) [ˈo] | أٚوءْ ( ôʼ ) [ˈoː] |
| u | أُ ( u ) [ʊ] | أُو ( û ) [uː] | ءُؤْ ( uʼ ) [ˈʊ] | أُوءْ ( ûʼ ) [ˈuː] |
| Dependent (Template) | ||||
| -a | ◌َ ( -a ) [æ] | ◌َـا ( -â ) [aː] | ◌َـأْ ( -aʼ ) [ˈæ] | ◌َـاءْ ( -âʼ ) [ˈaː] |
| -e | ◌ٛ ( -e ) [e] | ◌ٛىـ / ◌ٛـى ( -ê ) [eː] | ◌ٛـئْـ / ◌ٛـئْ ( -eʼ ) [ˈe] | ◌ٛـىءْ ( -êʼ ) [ˈeː] |
| -i | ◌ِ ( -i ) [ɪ] | ◌ِـىـ / ◌ِـى ( -î ) [iː] | ◌ِـئْـ / ◌ِـئْ ( -iʼ ) [ˈɪ] | ◌ِـىءْ ( -îʼ ) [ˈiː] |
| -o | ◌ٚ ( -o ) [o] | ◌ٚـو ( -ô ) [oː] | ◌ٚـؤْ ( -oʼ ) [ˈo] | ◌ٚـوءْ ( -ôʼ ) [ˈoː] |
| -u | ◌ُ ( -u ) [ʊ] | ◌ُـو ( -û ) [uː] | ◌ُـؤْ ( -uʼ ) [ˈʊ] | ◌ُـوءْ ( -ûʼ ) [ˈuː] |
| Dependent (for letterبb as sample) | ||||
| ba | بَـ / بَ ( ba ) [bæ] | بَا ( bâ ) [baː] | بَأْ ( baʼ ) [ˈbæ] | بَاءْ ( bâʼ ) [ˈbaː] |
| be | بٛـ / بٛ ( be ) [be] | بٛىـ / بٛى ( bê ) [beː] | بٛئْـ / بٛئْ ( beʼ ) [ˈbe] | بٛىءْ ( bêʼ ) [ˈbeː] |
| bi | بِـ / بِ ( bi ) [bɪ] | بِىـ / بِى ( bî ) [biː] | بِئْـ / بِئْ ( biʼ ) [ˈbɪ] | بِىءْ ( bîʼ ) [ˈbiː] |
| bo | بٚـ / بٚ ( bo ) [bo] | بٚو ( bô ) [boː] | بٚؤْ ( boʼ ) [ˈbo] | بٚوءْ ( bôʼ ) [ˈboː] |
| bu | بُـ / بُ ( bu ) [bʊ] | بُو ( bû ) [buː] | بُؤْ ( buʼ ) [ˈbʊ] | بُوءْ ( bûʼ ) [ˈbuː] |
| Dependent (for ageminated letterبّbb as sample) | ||||
| bba | بَّـ / بَّ ( bba ) [bbæ] | بَّا ( bbâ ) [bbaː] | بَّأْ ( bbaʼ ) [ˈbbæ] | بَّاءْ ( bbâʼ ) [ˈbbaː] |
| bbe | بّٛـ / بّٛ ( bbe ) [be] | بّٛىـ / بّٛى ( bbê ) [beː] | بّٛئْـ / بّٛئْ ( bbeʼ ) [ˈbe] | بّٛىءْ ( bbêʼ ) [ˈbeː] |
| bbi | بِّـ / بِّ ( bbi ) [bbɪ] | بِّىـ / بِّى ( bbî ) [bbiː] | بِّئْـ / بِّئْ ( bbiʼ ) [ˈbbɪ] | بِّىءْ ( bbîʼ ) [ˈbbiː] |
| bbo | بّٚـ / بّٚ ( bbo ) [bbo] | بّٚو ( bbô ) [bboː] | بّٚؤْ ( bboʼ ) [ˈbbo] | بّٚوءْ ( bbôʼ ) [ˈbboː] |
| bbu | بُّـ / بُّ ( bbu ) [bbʊ] | بُّو ( bbû ) [bbuː] | بُّؤْ ( bbuʼ ) [ˈbbʊ] | بُّوءْ ( bbûʼ ) [ˈbbuː] |
| Zero-vowel Sign | ||||
| - | ◌ْ ( - ) [-] | بْـ / بْ ( b- ) [b] | ||
Harari can be written in the unmodified Ethiopic script as most vowel differences can be disambiguated from context.The Harari adaptation of the Ethiopic script adds a long vowel version of the Ethiopic/Amharic vowels by adding a dot on top of the letter.In addition certain consonants are pronounced differently when compared to the Amharic pronunciation.
The table below shows the Harari alphasyllabary with the Romanized, Arabic equivalence, and IPA representation along the rows and the Romanized vowel markings along the columns.[17]
| Romanization | Arabic Equivalent | IPA | a [æ] | â [aː] | u [ʊ] | û [uː] | i [ɪ] | î [iː] | e [e] | ê [eː] | o [o] | ô [oː] | ∅/ə [∅/ɨ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| h | ه | h | ሀ | ሃ | ሁ | ሁ፞ | ሂ | ሂ፞ | ሄ | ሄ፞ | ሆ | ሆ፞ | ህ |
| l | ل | l | ለ | ላ | ሉ | ሉ፞ | ሊ | ሊ፞ | ሌ | ሌ፞ | ሎ | ሎ፞ | ል |
| ḣ | ح | ħ | ሐ | ሓ | ሑ | ሑ፞ | ሒ | ሒ፞ | ሔ | ሔ፞ | ሖ | ሖ፞ | ሕ |
| m | م | m | መ | ማ | ሙ | ሙ፞ | ሚ | ሚ፞ | ሜ | ሜ፞ | ሞ | ሞ፞ | ም |
| ṫ | ث | θ | ሠ | ሣ | ሡ | ሡ፞ | ሢ | ሢ፞ | ሤ | ሤ፞ | ሦ | ሦ፞ | ሥ |
| r | ر | r | ረ | ራ | ሩ | ሩ፞ | ሪ | ሪ፞ | ሬ | ሬ፞ | ሮ | ሮ፞ | ር |
| s | س | s | ሰ | ሳ | ሱ | ሱ፞ | ሲ | ሲ፞ | ሴ | ሴ፞ | ሶ | ሶ፞ | ስ |
| sh | ش | ʃ | ሸ | ሻ | ሹ | ሹ፞ | ሺ | ሺ፞ | ሼ | ሼ፞ | ሾ | ሾ፞ | ሽ |
| q | ق | q | ቀ | ቃ | ቁ | ቁ፞ | ቂ | ቂ፞ | ቄ | ቄ፞ | ቆ | ቆ፞ | ቅ |
| b | ب | b | በ | ባ | ቡ | ቡ፞ | ቢ | ቢ፞ | ቤ | ቤ፞ | ቦ | ቦ፞ | ብ |
| v | ڤ | v | ቨ | ቫ | ቩ | ቩ፞ | ቪ | ቪ፞ | ቬ | ቬ፞ | ቮ | ቮ፞ | ቭ |
| t | ت | t | ተ | ታ | ቱ | ቱ፞ | ቲ | ቲ፞ | ቴ | ቴ፞ | ቶ | ቶ፞ | ት |
| ch | ڛ | tʃ | ቸ | ቻ | ቹ | ቹ፞ | ቺ | ቺ፞ | ቼ | ቼ፞ | ቾ | ቾ፞ | ች |
| gh | غ | ɣ | ኀ | ኃ | ኁ | ኁ፞ | ኂ | ኂ፞ | ኄ | ኄ፞ | ኆ | ኆ፞ | ኅ |
| n | ن | n | ነ | ና | ኑ | ኑ፞ | ኒ | ኒ፞ | ኔ | ኔ፞ | ኖ | ኖ፞ | ን |
| gn | ڹ | ɲ | ኘ | ኛ | ኙ | ኙ፞ | ኚ | ኚ፞ | ኜ | ኜ፞ | ኞ | ኞ፞ | ኝ |
| '/a | أ / إ | ∅ /ʔ | አ | ኣ | ኡ | ኡ፞ | ኢ | ኢ፞ | ኤ | ኤ፞ | ኦ | ኦ፞ | እ |
| k | ك | k | ከ | ካ | ኩ | ኩ፞ | ኪ | ኪ፞ | ኬ | ኬ፞ | ኮ | ኮ፞ | ክ |
| kh | خ | x | ኸ | ኻ | ኹ | ኹ፞ | ኺ | ኺ፞ | ኼ | ኼ፞ | ኾ | ኾ፞ | ኽ |
| w | و | w | ወ | ዋ | ዉ | ዉ፞ | ዊ | ዊ፞ | ዌ | ዌ፞ | ዎ | ዎ፞ | ው |
| ȧ | ع | ʕ | ዐ | ዓ | ዑ | ዑ፞ | ዒ | ዒ፞ | ዔ | ዔ፞ | ዖ | ዖ፞ | ዕ |
| z | ز | z | ዘ | ዛ | ዙ | ዙ፞ | ዚ | ዚ፞ | ዜ | ዜ፞ | ዞ | ዞ፞ | ዝ |
| zh | ژ | ʒ | ዠ | ዣ | ዡ | ዡ፞ | ዢ | ዢ፞ | ዤ | ዤ፞ | ዦ | ዦ፞ | ዥ |
| y | ي | j | የ | ያ | ዩ | ዩ፞ | ዪ | ዪ፞ | ዬ | ዬ፞ | ዮ | ዮ፞ | ይ |
| d | د | d | ደ | ዳ | ዱ | ዱ፞ | ዲ | ዲ፞ | ዴ | ዴ፞ | ዶ | ዶ፞ | ድ |
| xh | ڬ | k’ | ዸ | ዻ | ዹ | ዹ፞ | ዺ | ዺ፞ | ዼ | ዼ፞ | ዾ | ዾ፞ | ዽ |
| j | ج | dʒ | ጀ | ጃ | ጁ | ጁ፞ | ጂ | ጂ፞ | ጄ | ጄ፞ | ጆ | ጆ፞ | ጅ |
| g | ݘ | g | ገ | ጋ | ጉ | ጉ፞ | ጊ | ጊ፞ | ጌ | ጌ፞ | ጎ | ጎ፞ | ግ |
| x | ط | t’ | ጠ | ጣ | ጡ | ጡ፞ | ጢ | ጢ፞ | ጤ | ጤ፞ | ጦ | ጦ፞ | ጥ |
| c | ڟ | tʃ’ | ጨ | ጫ | ጩ | ጩ፞ | ጪ | ጪ፞ | ጬ | ጬ፞ | ጮ | ጮ፞ | ጭ |
| ḋ | ض | dˁ | ጰ | ጳ | ጱ | ጱ፞ | ጲ | ጲ፞ | ጴ | ጴ፞ | ጶ | ጶ፞ | ጵ |
| ṡ | ص | sˁ | ጸ | ጻ | ጹ | ጹ፞ | ጺ | ጺ፞ | ጼ | ጼ፞ | ጾ | ጾ፞ | ጽ |
| dh | ذ | ð | ፀ | ፃ | ፁ | ፁ፞ | ፂ | ፂ፞ | ፄ | ፄ፞ | ፆ | ፆ፞ | ፅ |
| f | ف | f | ፈ | ፋ | ፉ | ፉ፞ | ፊ | ፊ፞ | ፌ | ፌ፞ | ፎ | ፎ፞ | ፍ |
| p | پ | p | ፐ | ፓ | ፑ | ፑ፞ | ፒ | ፒ፞ | ፔ | ፔ፞ | ፖ | ፖ፞ | ፕ |
| ż | ظ | zˁ | ⶰ | ⶳ | ⶱ | ⶱ፞ | ⶲ | ⶲ፞ | ⶴ | ⶴ፞ | ⶶ | ⶶ፞ | ⶵ |
| Romanization | IPA | a [æ] | â [aː] | u [ʊ] | û [uː] | i [ɪ] | î [iː] | e [e] | ê [eː] | o [o] | ô [oː] | ∅/ə [∅/ɨ] |
Teble below shows the Latin script, modified and adapted for Harari language.[17]
| Upper case letter | Lower case letter | IPA | Arabic Equivalent | Ge'ez equivanelt |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | a | [æ] | أَ / ◌َ | አ |
| Â | â | [aː] | ءَا / ◌َـا | ኣ |
| Ȧ | ȧ | [ʕ] | ع | ዐ |
| B | b | [b] | ب | በ |
| C | c | [tʃ’] | ڟ | ጨ |
| Ch | ch | [tʃ] | ڛ | ቸ |
| D | d | [d] | د | ደ |
| Dh | dh | [ð] | ذ | ፀ |
| Ḋ | ḋ | [dˁ] | ض | ጰ |
| E | e | [e] | إٛ / ◌ٛ | ኤ |
| Ê | ê | [eː] | إٛى / ◌ٛـى | ኤ፞ |
| F | f | [f] | ف | ɣ |
| G | g | [g] | ݘ | ገ |
| Gh | gh | [ɣ] | غ | ኀ |
| Gn | gn | [ɲ] | ڹ | ኘ |
| Ḣ | ḣ | [ħ] | ح | ሐ |
| H | h | [h] | ه | ሀ |
| I | i | [ɪ] | إِ / ◌ِ | ኢ |
| Î | î | [iː] | إِى / ◌ِـى | ኢ፞ |
| J | j | [dʒ] | ج | ጀ |
| K | k | [k] | ك | ከ |
| Kh | kh | [x] | خ | ኸ |
| L | l | [l] | ل | ለ |
| M | m | [m] | م | መ |
| N | n | [n] | ن | ነ |
| O | o | [o] | أٚ / ◌ٚ | ኦ |
| Ô | ô | [oː] | أٚو / ◌ٚـو | ኦ፞ |
| P | p | [p] | پ | ፐ |
| Q | q | [q] | ق | ቀ |
| R | r | [r] | ر | ረ |
| S | s | [s] | س | ሰ |
| Sh | sh | [ʃ] | ش | ሸ |
| Ṡ | ṡ | [sˁ] | ص | ጸ |
| T | t | [t] | ت | ተ |
| Ṫ | ṫ | [θ] | ث | ሠ |
| U | u | [ʊ] | أُ / ◌ُ | ኦ |
| Û | û | [uː] | أُو / ◌ُـو | ኦ፞ |
| V | v | [v] | ڤ | ቨ |
| W | w | [w] | و | ወ |
| X | x | [t’] | ط | ጠ |
| Xh | xh | [k’] | ڬ | ዸ |
| Y | y | [j] | ي | የ |
| Z | z | [z] | ز | ዘ |
| Zh | zh | [ʒ] | ژ | ዠ |
| Ż | ż | [zˁ] | ظ | ⶰ |
| ʼ | ء | እ | ||
Below is a sample text, in the three scripts for Harari.[17][18]
| Latin Script | Waldâchzinâw dînziyu wâ sinânzîw matlêmadle 1992be qurân gêy kafatnama gêy sinânuw amânbe matlêmad nifarkikut lâtin harfîbe matlêmad êgalna. Yîbe amânbe waldâchzina ûga zilahadube, 1999be bâdbe (ḣararbe) hukûmazina sabi harfibe sinânzinâw maktable murti huluf zâshasa igʼgnâchum fîtzanâw azzo garab gargab âshna. Yakhnimâm qâcibe zilêqu waldâchuw sabi harfîw matlêmad ôrkut tâb khânama agagnnêw. |
|---|---|
| Ge'ez Script | ወልዳችዚናው ዲ፞ንዚዩ ዋ ሲናንዚዩ፞ው መትሌ፞መድሌ 1992ቤ ቁራን ጌ፞ይ ከፈትነመ ጌ፞ይ ሲናኑው አማንቤ መትሌ፞መድ ኒፈርኪኩት ላቲ́ን ሐርፊ፞ቤ መትሌ፞መድ ኤ፞ገልነ፨ ዪ፞ቤ አማንቤ ወልዳችዚነ ኡ፞ገ ዚለሐዱቤ፣ 1999ቤ ባድቤ (ሀረርቤ) ሑኩ፞መዚነ ሰቢ ሐርፊቤ ሲናንዚናው መክተብሌ ሙርቲ ሑሉፍ ዛሸሰ ኢግኛቹም ፊ፞ትዚናው አዝዞ ገረብ ገርገብ ኣሽነ። የኽኒማም ቃጪቤ ዚሌ፞ቁ ወልዳቹው ሰቢ ሐርፊ፞ው መትሌ፞መድ ኦ፞ርኩት ታብ ኻነመ አገኝኔ፞ው፨ |
| Arabic Script | ولدڛزنو دينزي وا سننزيوو متلٚيمدلٚ 1992بٚ قرن ݘٚيي كفتنم ݘٚيي سننو اَمَانبٚ متلٚيمد نفرككت لتين هرفيبٚ متلٚيمد اٚيݘلن. ييبٚ اَمَانبٚ ولدڛزن اُوݘ زلهدبٚ, 1999بٚ بدبٚ (هرربٚ) هكومزن سب هرفبٚ سننزنو مكتبلٚ مرت هلف زشس اِݘڹڛم فيتزنو اَززٛ ݘرب ݘرݘب آشن. يخنمم قڟبٚ زلٚيق ولدڛو سب هرفيو متلٚيمد اٛوركت تب خنم اِݘڹنٚيو. |
| Translation | Back in 1992 Harari Language School was established to teach our children the Harari language. To simplify the process of teaching we adopted the Latin script and have successfully developed it for the need of the Harari language. In 1999, when the Harari Regional Government adopted the Sabean (Ethiopic) script, we tried to use it here for our students. However our students found Sabean script very hard to learn. |
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
