Haplogroup T-L206, also known ashaplogroup T1, is ahuman Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. TheSNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one of two primary branches ofT (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110).
T1 is the most common descendant of the T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all T-M184 members inAfrica andEurasia (as well as countries to which those populations have migrated in the modern era, in the Americas and Australasia). T1 lineages are now found at high frequencies among northernSomali clans. It is hypothesized that T1* (if not some of its subclades) originated inWestern Asia, and spread intoEurope andNorth Africa with thePre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB).
T-L206's sole primary branch, T1a (M70), is believed to have originated about 15,900 – 23,900 BP,[8] in the Levant. It appears that a number of individuals bearing T-M70 later migrated south to Africa.[9]
T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found on Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
T1a1a1 (P77,CTS8512) Mostly found in Middle East, Western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria, Italian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.
T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in theFulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])
Three genetically different populations in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither [does it show] a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations ...[T]he data provided by the Pityusic population [compared] with other circumediterranean populations surprises [in] that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with ... North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: ... some markers shows affinities with [Middle Eastern] ... mtDNA variables ... but [the Pityusic population] diverges from these populations when considering other markers. [It] is a separate case, a island, not [just] in the geographical sense but [also a] genetical [island].
T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.
This extremely rare subclade has been found inIbizan (Eivissan) islanders andPontic Greeks fromGiresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.
Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend fromSinope colonists and Sinope was colonised byIonians fromMiletus. It is interesting to note that there existed an Ionian colony known asPityussa, just like the known Greek name for EivissaPityuses. In Eivissa, archaeological findings include the famous bust ofDemeter which has been confused with thePunicgoddessTanit for decades. The bust belonging to Demeter has been analysed and was found to contain black particles of volcanic sand, originating fromMount Etna. It is thought that the bust was made inSicily, with red clays typical of the easternTrinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker.T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.
This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. First discovered and reported in August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.
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This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where is found their highest diversity. The first Y-STR haplotype of this lineage, characterized by DYS437=13, was found in the public FTDNA Y-DNA Haplogroup T project, appearing there at April 2009 as kit E8011. However, is not until June 2014 when the Y-SNP Y3836 was discovered in the public YFULL project among two of their participants of Iberian ancestry, appearing there as YF01637 and YF01665.
Barghut Mongolians from |different localities ofHulun Buir Aimak have T1a (M70) at a level of 1.3% (1/76).[62] In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin.
The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
During the Chalcolithic Period, (the "Copper Age") in the NorthernGalilee town ofPeki'in here's a burial cave that dates to over 6,500 years ago. The cave is the largest one known inIsrael and contains a wealth of ancient artifacts: decorated ossuaries which some claim is the protoIsraeliteBurial, burial offerings, jars, stone tools. We find that the individuals buried in Peqi'in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogeneous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to theY-DNAHaplogroup T a lineage thought to have diversified in theNear East. 2x T-L208 Peqi'in 1155,1160, 1x T-FT13419 Peqi'in 1165, 4x T-Y4119 Peqi'in ,1166,1170,1172,1178, 2x T-L454 Peqi'in 1180,1187 expressing the upstream and downstream diversity of Haplogroup T-M184 in West Asia its most likely point of divergence.
Kulubnarti 6340 was a 18 month old baby boy who lived between 770 - 960 CE Kulubnarti 6328 was a 7 year old boy who lived between 700 - 990 CE during theNorth AfricaChristian Age and was found in the region now known as the elite R cemetery inKulubnarti,Sudan.They were associated with the KulubnartiNubians cultural group theY-DNA was T-Y31479 and T-FT338883 they along with aHaplogroup LT were the three outliers amongst the Nubian elite R cemetery.
Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[81]
According to further studies,[6] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[82]
The House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة,romanized: Āl Khalīfah) is the ruling family of theKingdom of Bahrain. The Al Khalifas professSunniIslam and belong to theAnizah tribe, some members of this tribe joined theUtub alliance which migrated from CentralArabia toKuwait, then ruled all ofQatar, more specificallyAl Zubarah, which they built and ruled over before settling in Bahrain in the early 17th century. The current head of the family isHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who became the Emir ofBahrain in 1999 and proclaimed himself King of Bahrain in 2002, in fact becoming a constitutional monarch.[citation needed]
Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 [now T/K1a] haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President's Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.
A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is the third US President,Thomas Jefferson. He reportedly belongs to a subclade of T-M184 which is most commonly found in theIberian Peninsula (e.g. Spain). His most distant known ancestor is Samuel Jeffreason [sic], born 11 October 1607 atPettistree, Suffolk, England, although there is also a widespread belief that the President hadWelsh ancestry.
There was controversy for almost two centuries regarding allegations that Thomas Jefferson had fathered the children of hisslaveSally Hemings. The controversy effectively began on September 1,1802 with an article by James Callender, printed in a Richmond newspaper.[84] Anoral tradition in theHemings family and other historical evidence was countered in the early 19th century by some Jefferson's grandchildren, who asserted that a son of Thomas Jefferson's sister, by the name of Carr, had been the father of Hemings' children. However, a 1998 study of Jefferson male-line DNA found that it matched that of a descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son,Eston Hemings. Most historians[who?] now believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Hemings for 38 years, and probably fathered her seven known children, five of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line.[citation needed]
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".Human Mutation.35 (2):187–91.doi:10.1002/humu.22468.PMID24166809.S2CID23291764.
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznikop. cit.;YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^abFrigi, Sabeh; et al. (2005). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR1 YfilerTM) in two Tunisian Berber communities".International Journal of Legal Medicine.160 (1):80–83.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.007.PMID16005592.
^abcdefghMendez, Fernando L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Krahn, Thomas; Ostrer, Harry; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (2011). "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa".Human Biology.83 (1):39–53.doi:10.3378/027.083.0103.PMID21453003.S2CID207611348.Estimates of the timing of the branching events within haplogroup T, along with a comprehensive geographic survey of the major T subclades, suggest that this haplogroup began to diversify in the Near East ~25 kya. Our survey also points to a complex history of dispersal of this rare and informative haplogroup within the Near East and from the Near East to Europe and West, East and Southern Africa.
^abJakovski, Z.; et al. (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia".Forensic Science International: Genetics.5 (4):e108 –e111.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005.PMID21549657.
^Rodríguez V, Tomàs C, Sánchez JJ, et al. (March 2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci".Int. J. Legal Med.123 (2):137–41.doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y.PMID19066931.S2CID20576072.
^Tomàs C, et al. (2006). "Differential Maternal and Paternal Contributions to the Genetic Pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.129 (2):268–278.doi:10.1002/ajpa.20273.PMID16323196.
^González-Toscanini, Ulises; et al. (2016). "A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Argentinean populations".Forensic Science International: Genetics.20:1–5.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.002.PMID26433179.
^Vilar, Miguel G.; et al. (2014). "Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.155 (3):352–368.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22569.PMID25043798.
^Monteiro, S. L.; et al. (2012).Leonese dialects in Portugal: linguistic-genetic relationships through Y chromosome analysis (Thesis). Universidade do Porto.
^Seiberling, Susann; et al. (2005). "Allelverteilung Y-chromosomaler Short TandemRepeats in Vorpommern".Greifswald, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie.
^Borjas, Lisbeth; et al. (2008). "Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela".Legal Medicine.10 (2):107–112.doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.08.005.PMID17981491.
^Alvarez, Maritza; et al. (2009). "Y-chromosome haplotype database in Venezuelan central region and its comparison with other Venezuelan populations".Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series.2:407–408.doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.100.
^Baeza, Carlos; et al. (2007). "Population data for 15 Y-chromosome STRs in a population sample from Quito (Ecuador)".Forensic Science International.173 (2–3):214–9.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.09.011.PMID17320323.
^José Builes, Juan; et al. (2005). "Y-chromosome STRs in an Antioquian (Colombia) population sample".Forensic Science International: Genetics.164 (1):79–86.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.005.PMID16289613.
^Ambrosio, B.; et al. (2011). "'Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain)".Forensic Science International. Genetics.6 (2):e66 –e71.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.007.PMID21664894.
^Schwengber, Solange P.; et al. (2009). "Population data of 17 Y-STR loci from Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil)".Forensic Science International: Genetics.4 (1):e31 –e33.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.02.001.PMID19948319.
^Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, et al. (July 2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter".Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.44 (1):228–39.Bibcode:2007MolPE..44..228C.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030.PMID17275346.
^Rapone, Cesare; Geraci, Antonio; Capelli, Cristian; De Meo, Adolfo; d'Errico, Giancarlo; Barni, Filippo; Berti, Andrea; Lago, Giampietro (2007). "Y chromosome haplotypes in Central-South Italy: Implication for reference database".Forensic Science International.172 (1):67–71.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.072.PMID16884881.
^abcRodríguez, V.; et al. (2008). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci".International Journal of Legal Medicine.123 (2):137–41.doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y.PMID19066931.S2CID20576072.
^Fechner, Angela (2008). "Boundaries and Clines in the West Eurasian Y-Chromosome Landscape: Insights From the European Part of Russia".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.137 (1):41–47.doi:10.1002/ajpa.20838.PMID18470899.
^abcCapelli, Cristian; et al. (2005). "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations".Forensic Science International: Genetics.159 (1):64–70.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.026.PMID15998574.
^Barac Lauc, Lovorka; et al. (2004). "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample".Forensic Science International.150 (1):97–101.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.07.022.PMID15837014.
^Egyed, Balazs (2005). "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers".Forensic Science International.164 (2–3):257–265.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.020.PMID16314060.
^Cerri, Nicoletta; et al. (2005). "Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)".Forensic Science International.152 (1):83–87.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.006.PMID15939179.
^Stevanovic, Miljana (2006). "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro".Forensic Science International.171 (2–3):216–221.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.038.PMID16806776.
^Kovatsi, Leda; et al. (2009). "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks".Forensic Science International: Genetics.4 (1):e21 –e22.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.01.001.PMID19948315.
^Haas, C.; et al. (2005). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)".Forensic Science International.158 (2–3):213–218.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.036.PMID15964729.
^Rodig, Heike; et al. (2007). "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal STR loci".Forensic Science International.174 (2–3):182–188.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.223.PMID17543484.
^Veselinovic, Igor S.; et al. (2007). "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province".Forensic Science International.176 (2–3):e23 –e28.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.003.PMID17482396.
^Pepinski, Witold; et al. (2004). "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, northeastern Poland".International Journal of Legal Medicine.144 (1):77–82.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.024.PMID15240025.
^Tatiana M Karafet et al., "Coevolution of genes and languages and high levels of population structure among the highland populations of Daghestan," "Journal of Human Genetics " (2016),
^abTabrizi, Arash Alipour; et al. (2014). "Genetic profile of 17 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in East of Iran".Forensic Science International: Genetics.14:e6 –e7.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.010.PMID25458927.
^abcdBelle, Elise M. S.; et al. (2010). "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin".Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences.2 (3):217–224.Bibcode:2010ArAnS...2..217B.doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0040-1.S2CID16195047.
^R. Spencer Wellset al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity,"The National Academy of Sciences, 2001
^Bai, Rufeng; et al. (2008). "Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes in Chinese Hui ethnic group samples".Forensic Science International: Genetics.3 (1):e17 –e19.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.03.004.PMID19083856.
^Meng Chang, Yuet; et al. (2008). "Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs in three native Sarawak populations (Iban, Bidayuh and Melanau) in East Malaysia".Forensic Science International: Genetics.3 (3):e77 –e80.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.07.007.PMID19414156.
^Neetu Negi et al., [Human Genetics "The paternal ancestry of Uttarakhand does not imitate the classical caste system of India"]
^Hasan, Mahamud (2014). "Population genetics of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs loci in Garo and Santal tribal populations in Bangladesh".International Journal of Legal Medicine.129 (2):251–252.doi:10.1007/s00414-014-0981-5.PMID24577712.S2CID23031408.
^Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay Kumar; Reddy, Alla G.; Chauhan, Pallavi; Malvee, Rashmi; Pavate, P. P.; Singh, Lalji (2007). "Y-Chromosomal STR Haplotypes in Two Endogamous Tribal Populations of Karnataka, India".Journal of Forensic Sciences.52 (3):751–3.doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00443.x.PMID17456116.S2CID20805905.
^abGiuseppe Iacovacciet al., "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries,"^Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
^Mélanie Capredonet al., "Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar: Study of the Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA in the Antemoro,"^PLOS ONE, 2013
^Fortes-Lima, Cesar; et al. (2015). "Genetic population study of Y-chromosome markers in Benin and Ivory Coast ethnic groups".Forensic Science International: Genetics.19:232–237.doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.07.021.PMID26275614.
^Moran, Colin N.; Scott, Robert A.; Adams, Susan M.; Warrington, Samantha J.; Jobling, Mark A.; Wilson, Richard H.; Goodwin, William H.; Georgiades, Evelina; et al. (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners".Human Genetics.115 (6):492–7.doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y.PMID15503146.S2CID13960753.
^King TE, Bowden GR, Balaresque PL, Adams SM, Shanks ME, Jobling MA (April 2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage".Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.132 (4):584–9.doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557.PMID17274013.
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