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Hans Geiger

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
German experimental physicist (1882–1945)

For the German footballer, seeHans Geiger (footballer).
Hans Geiger
Geiger in 1928
Born
Johannes Wilhelm Geiger

(1882-09-30)30 September 1882
Died24 September 1945(1945-09-24) (aged 62)
Alma mater
Known for
FatherWilhelm Geiger
RelativesRudolf Geiger (brother)
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisStrahlungs-, Temperatur- und Potentialmessungen in Entladungsröhren bei starken Strömen (1906)
Doctoral advisorEilhard Wiedemann
Doctoral students

Johannes Wilhelm"Hans" Geiger (/ˈɡaɪɡər,ˈɡaɪɡə/GYE-ger,GYE-guh;[2]German:[ˈɡaɪɡɐ]ⓘ; 30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a Germanexperimental physicist. He is known as the inventor of theGeiger counter, a device used to detectionizing radiation, and for carrying out theRutherford scattering experiments, which led to the discovery of theatomic nucleus. He also performed theBothe–Geiger coincidence experiment, which confirmed theconservation of energy in light-particle interactions.

He was the brother ofmeteorologist andclimatologistRudolf Geiger.

Biography

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Early years

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Johannes Wilhelm Geiger was born on 30 September 1882 inNeustadt an der Haardt, Germany, the son of IndologistWilhelm Geiger, who was a professor at theUniversity of Erlangen.

In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen, where he received hisPh.D. underEilhard Wiedemann in 1906 with a thesis onelectric discharge in gases.[3][4]

After graduating, Geiger received a fellowship to theUniversity of Manchester, where he worked as an assistant toArthur Schuster. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor,Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along withErnest Marsden, conducted the famousGeiger–Marsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). This process allowed them to countalpha particles[5][6][7][4] and led Rutherford to start thinking about thestructure of the atom. He was elected a Member of theManchester Literary and Philosophical Society on 29 November 1910.

In 1911, Geiger andJohn Mitchell Nuttall discovered theGeiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led toRutherford's atomic model.[8]

Middle years

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In 1912, Geiger was named head of radiation research at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (now thePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) inCharlottenburg, where he worked withJames Chadwick andWalther Bothe (winners of the 1935 and 1954Nobel Prize in Physics, respectively).[9] Work was interrupted when Geiger served in the German military duringWorld War I as an artillery officer from 1914 to 1918.

In 1924, Geiger and Bothe carried out theBothe–Geiger coincidence experiment that confirmed theCompton effect, which helped earnArthur Compton the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.[4] Bothe received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their experiment in 1954, after Geiger's death.[10]

In 1925, Geiger began a teaching position at theUniversity of Kiel. In 1928, Geiger and his student,Walther Müller, created theGeiger–Müller tube. This new device not only detected alpha particles, but alsobeta andgamma particles, and is the basis for theGeiger counter.[11][12] Geiger was awarded theHughes Medal in 1929 for this work.

In 1929, Geiger was appointed Professor of Physics and Director of Research at theUniversity of Tübingen, where he made his first observations of acosmic ray shower. In 1936, he took a position at Technische Hochschule Berlin (nowTechnische Universität Berlin), where he continued to research cosmic rays,nuclear fission, and artificial radiation until his death in 1945.[4]

Later years

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Beginning in 1939, following the discovery of nuclear fission, Geiger became a member of theUranium Club, the German investigation ofnuclear weapons duringWorld War II. The group splintered in 1942 after its members came to believe that nuclear weapons would not play a significant role in ending the war.[9]

Although Geiger signed a petition against the Nazi government's interference with universities, he provided no support to colleagueHans Bethe (winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics) when he was fired for beingJewish.[13][14]

Geiger endured theBattle of Berlin and subsequentSoviet occupation in April/May 1945. A couple of months later he moved toPotsdam, where he died on 24 September 1945.

See also

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References

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  1. ^abc"Hans Geiger - The Mathematics Genealogy Project".genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Retrieved3 June 2025.
  2. ^"Geiger".dictionary.com.Dictionary.com. Retrieved24 May 2025.
  3. ^Krebs, AT (July 1956). "Hans Geiger: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of His Doctoral Thesis, 23 July 1906".Science.124 (3213): 166.Bibcode:1956Sci...124..166K.doi:10.1126/science.124.3213.166.PMID 17843412.
  4. ^abcdShampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A.; Steensma, D. P. (2011)."Hans Geiger—German Physicist and the Geiger Counter".Mayo Clinic Proceedings.86 (12): e54.doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0638.PMC 3228631.PMID 22196280.
  5. ^Rutherford E.; Geiger H. (1908)."An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances".Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A.81 (546):141–161.Bibcode:1908RSPSA..81..141R.doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0065.ISSN 1364-5021.
  6. ^Geiger H. (1913). "Über eine einfache Methode zur Zählung von α- und β-Strahlen (On a simple method for counting α- and β-rays)".Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft.15:534–539.
  7. ^Campbell John (1999).Rutherford Scientist Supreme, AAS Publications.
  8. ^H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation",Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium",Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
  9. ^ab"June 1911: Invention of the Geiger Counter".
  10. ^Maier, Elke (2011)."Flashback: Particle Billiards, Captured on Film".MaxPlanckResearch.3:92–93.
  11. ^Geiger; Müller W. (1928). "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities)".Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences).16 (31):617–618.Bibcode:1928NW.....16..617G.doi:10.1007/BF01494093.ISSN 0028-1042.S2CID 27274269.
  12. ^See also:
    1. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube),Physikalische Zeitschrift,29: 839-841.
    2. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube),Physikalische Zeitschrift,30: 489-493.
    3. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube),Physikalische Zeitschrift,30: 523 ff.
  13. ^"Scientific Exodus".
  14. ^"How 2 Pro-Nazi Nobelists Attacked Einstein's "Jewish Science" [Excerpt]".Scientific American.

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