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 Hanoverians, such as this gelding, are competitive mounts for the equestrian sport ofshow jumping. | |
 Hanoverian brand | |
| Other names |
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|---|---|
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Traits | |
| Distinguishing features | Warmblood horse suitable for dressage, show jumping, eventing, show hunters, and leisure riding. |
| Breed standards | |
TheHanoverian orHannoveraner is a Germanbreed orstud-book ofwarmbloodsport horse. As with other German warmblood breeds, eligibility for registration depends on performance rather than ancestry.
In 1735,George II, the King ofEngland and Elector ofHanover, founded theState Stud at Celle. He purchased stallions suitable for all-purpose work in agriculture and in harness, as well as for breeding cavalry mounts. The localmares were refined withHolsteiner,Thoroughbred andCleveland Bay,Neapolitan,Andalusian, Prussian, andMecklenburg stock. By the end of the 18th century, the Hanoverian had become a high-class coach horse.
In 1844, a law was passed that allowed only stallions approved by a commission to be used for the purpose of breeding. In 1867, breeders started a society aimed at producing a coach and military horse, with the first stud book being published in 1888. The Hanoverian became one of the most popular breeds inEurope for coach and army work.
When the demand for Hanoverians declined followingWorld War I, the aim for breeding became a horse that could be used for farm work, but still had the blood and gaits to be used as a riding and carriage horse. AfterWorld War II, there was a growing demand for sport horses, as well as general riding horses, and the breeding yet again was adapted. Thoroughbreds were used to refine the breed; occasionally anAnglo-Arabian orTrakehner stallion was used.
Hanoverians are elegant, strong, and robust. They are bred to be willing and trainable, and have a strongback, powerful body, athletic movement, and strong limbs.Chestnut,bay,black, andgray are found the most often. Regulations prohibit horses with too much white, andbuckskin,palomino andcremello horses from being registered. There is no height requirement, but Hanoverian horses are generally 15.3–17.1 hands (63–69 inches, 160–175 cm) high.
In order to be incorporated into the studbook, stallions and mares must passrigorous testing. The goal of this testing is to prevent horses with heritable defects from continuing to pass on their genes. As a result, horses with the Hanoverian brand often have excellent health. The Hanoverian verband, and other warmblood breeding societies, continue to promote research into the health of their horses.
Poor fertility in Hanoverian stallions and mares is not very common. However, research on Hanoverian stallions has helped lead to the identification of new genes that affect stallion fertility.[1]
Some7%–10% of Hanoverians have symptoms ofosteochondrosis dissecans in the hock joint, and some12%–24% in a fetlock joint.[2][3][4]
Hanoverians are consistently rated high against othersport horse breeds indressage,show jumping andeventing.
TheWorld Breeding Federation for Sport Horses (WBFSH) uses results fromFEI-recognized competitions to rank individual horses andbreed registries for each discipline. In 2008, the Hanoverian stallion Weltmeyer was the world's #3 sire of WBFSH dressage horses, behind #2Donnerhall, who was sired by the Hanoverian Donnerwetter.[5] As of 2008, the Hanoverian Society had been consistently ranked in the top five most successful studbooks in international show jumping competition as ranked by the WBFSH and FEI since 2001.[6] In 2008, the WBFSH ranked the Hanoverian studbook third for eventing horses, behind theIrish Sport Horse andSelle Français.[7][8]
In 2016, the Hanoverian studbook took top position in the FEI/WBFSH studbook rankings for dressage.[9]
The 2023 studbook rankings placed the Hanoverian studbook third in dressage, eighth in show jumping, and seventh in eventing.[10]
In 2008, four Hanoverian sires were ranked in the top 10show hunters: All the Gold (2), Rio Grande (4), Escudo I (5) and Espri (8).[11]
The firststudbook—official documentation of pedigrees, matings, and ensuing offspring—for Hanoverians was founded in 1888 by the Royal Agricultural Society.[12] The "Hanoverian Warmblood studbook" was kept by the Chamber of Agriculture from 1899 until 1922, when the Society of Hanoverian Warmblood Breeders was founded, privatizing ownership of the studbook.[12] This society unified over 50 local breeders' clubs with a total of over 10,000 members.[12] Today, this society is known simply as theHannoveraner verband, or Hanoverian Society. Theverband maintains the studbooks, issues passports, and collects and publishes performance statistics, while educating members about and encouraging research into all aspects of breeding and keeping healthy Hanoverians.[13]
The Association for the Promotion of Hanoverian horses in Equestrian Sport (Verein zur Förderung des Reitsports auf Hannoverschen Pferden) was founded in 1985 and operates under theverband. Its goal is to unite sponsors, corporate or otherwise, and talented riders with the most gifted Hanoverian horses. In this way, the FRH removes the most common obstacle to a horse's success: expense. Horses united with their riders in this fashion bear the initialsFRH as asuffix orprefix, e.g. Gigolo FRH, FRH Butts Abraxxas, Forsyth FRH.[14]
The popularity of the Hanoverian has brought about a number of affiliated societies as Hanoverian horses began to reach theAmericas,Australia andNew Zealand in the 1970s. The American Hanoverian Society was founded in 1978. A single society first served Australia and New Zealand in 1981; the two nations have had separate societies since 1993.[15][16] There are two Hanoverian breeding clubs inCanada, in addition to groups in theUnited Kingdom,Denmark,Finland,France, andRussia.
Theverband is responsible for many events and facilities related to the Hanoverian horse, includingselection procedures for breeding stock and the famous Elite Auctions in Verden.[13] Theverband also owns the Hanoverian Riding and Driving School which trains riders, instructors, and horses.
The auctions in Verden were first held in 1949, and have been held at the Niedersachsenhalle venue since 1972.[17] There are at least ten auctions per year, each featuring top-quality riding horses, promising foals, proven broodmares, or licensed stallions. The most famous of these sales are the Elite Riding Horse Auctions held in April and October each year. World Cup winners such asAramis, Mr. T and Walk on Top were Verden Elite Auction horses.[17] Horses are delivered to the venue four weeks prior to the auction for training, promotion, and thorough screening forradiographic irregularities andvices.[17] Price toppers routinely sell for well over €100,000 (Euros). The record price of €900,000—approximately equal to $1,125,000 at the time[18]—was set in 2008 for the purchase of Lemony's Nicket.
The many steps and careful evaluations of Hanoverian breeding stock are organized by theverband and district breeders' clubs (bezirkverband). The district clubs are primarily responsible for local mare and foal shows. Foals of that year are presented, usually at their dam's side, to a panel of licensed breed judges. Foals of acceptable quality arebranded, their papers are signed, and they are entered into the foal registry. Judges also use this venue to recommend exceptional foals for stallion candidacy or auction participation. Mares return to the mare shows as three-year-olds to be evaluated for entry into the studbook; only such mares can have registered Hanoverian foals. The young mares are evaluated on theirconformation andgaits to ensure that they are of sufficient quality. Another component of the mare shows is the field test, in which young mares are evaluated for their suitability for and age-appropriate competency indressage andshow jumping.[19] The majority of young mares participate in the field test or station test for mares, as proof of performance is required for the mother of any stallion candidate, as well as for the State's Premium. The best mares are awarded the State's Premium (Staatspraemie), a monetary prize provided by the government ofLower Saxony aimed at keeping the finest mares in the local breeding population.[20] Every other year, one of the seven district breeders' clubs hosts the Louis Wiegels show.[20] The best three- and four-year-old mares from each district attend, and to win is a great honor. Alternating years with the Louis Wiegels Mare show, theverband hosts the Herwert von der Decken mare show in Verden.[20]
Each year, the seven regional clubs nominate a total of 700 two-year-oldcolts as stallion candidates, of which only 100 attend the actual licensing (koerung) at Verden in October.[21] A panel ofverband-selected judges, experts in their fields, form thekoerkommission, which evaluates each young stallion for his suitability as a sire of future Hanoverians. Through aveterinary exam, the colts must be deemed free ofosteochondrosis lesions, vices, and other heritable conditions. They are then assessed on pavement to ensure that they have sound, straight, true gaits, as well as straight, sound legs. On the second day, the colts are judged on the suitability of theirgaits for dressage, and their competency injumping. On the third day, about half of the young stallions will have earned their temporary breeding license, while the other half are typically castrated and go on to become excellent riding horses.[22] What follows the announcement of licensed stallions is the Stallion Sale, an auction which featured Hotline in 2005, who sold for a staggering €800,000.[23]
The Hanoverian Society also organizes the Station Tests for mares. These four-week-long tests are a more in-depth evaluation of a mare's suitability for riding; in addition to her talents fordressage orshow jumping, the judges can form an understanding of her character and temperament, including how easy she is to train. These tests are held at the Hanoverian Riding and Driving School in Verden and at theHessen State Stud inDillenburg.[24] After young stallions have earned their temporary license, they have until they are four years old to prove themselves serviceable riding horses. The most common track is to send the stallion to a Stallion Performance Test (Hengstleistungsprüfung) at the test center inAdelheidsdorf. As an outpost ofCelle State Stud, the test center, unlike the Riding and Driving School, is owned by the state. Management of the 11-month test for state-owned stallions and the 70-day test for privately owned stallions is shared between the government-owned State Stud and the privately owned Hanoverian Society.
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