| Hanok | |
 Ojukheon in Gangneung | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 한옥 |
| Hanja | 韓屋 |
| Revised Romanization | hanok |
| McCune–Reischauer | hanok |
| InNorth Korean standard language | |
| Hangul | 조선집 |
| Hanja | 朝鮮집 |
| Revised Romanization | Joseonjip |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chosŏnjip |
Ahanok (Korean: 한옥; name in South Korea) orchosŏnjip (조선집; name in North Korea and forKoreans in Yanbian, China) is a traditionalKorean house.Hanok were first designed and built in the 14th century during theJoseon dynasty.[1]
Korean architecture considers the positioning of the house in relation to its surroundings, with thought given to the land and seasons. The interior of the house is also planned accordingly. This principle is calledbaesanimsu (배산임수;背山臨水), meaning that the ideal house is built with a mountain in the back and a river in the front.Hanok shapes differ by region. In the cold northern regions of Korea,hanok are built in a square with a courtyard in the middle in order to retain heat better. In the south,hanok are more open and L-shaped.[2]
Ahanok is a Korean house which was developed in theKorean Peninsula andManchuria.[3]
Paleolithic people in the Korean peninsula may have occupied caves or made temporary houses. In theNeolithic era, the temporary house developed into adugout hut. They dug into the ground with a small shovel and built a small house that usedrafters andcolumns. Wood was used for the rafters and columns, and straw was used for roof. In theBronze Age, there were several columns in the house, so the area of the house was extended relative to early houses.Iron Agehanok hadOndol, and also usedgiwa (기와), a kind of roofing tile which was made with fired clay. By usinggiwa roof tiles,hanok developed a specific shape.
South Korea
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After the devastation of theKorean War there was a need for cheap, suitable housing for people displaced by the war. During the period immediately after the war, severalhanok of historical value were demolished. In the larger cities of South Korea, only small clusters ofhanok remain. However the value ofhanok has been discussed in the early twentieth century, with many comparing them favourably to the more common but less eco-friendly apartments found across South Korea. Today, some train stations are influenced by traditionalhanok design (Jeonju Station, for example).
InKaesong, the traditionalhanok originally there remain and play a role as a tourist attraction.Giwajip (tile-roofed houses) surround thehanok.
Hanok can also be found in northeast China, and Koreans have been living for over 100 years inhanok built for themselves. Since 2010, people have been working on a project focused on making ahanok village inHeilongjiang, China.[citation needed]
InLu Xun Park,Shanghai, Yun Bong-gil Memorial Hall is built inHanok style to dedicate to Korean independence activistYun Bong-gil.
The term 'hanok' appeared for the first time in a paper about houses on April 23, 1907. In that paper,hanok was used in reference to the specific area alongJeong-dong road fromDonuimun to Baejae school. At that time, instead of usinghanok, terms likejooga (meaning living houses) andjaetaek (meaning a variety of houses) were more widely used. The wordhanok was only used in special circumstances when the latest house was built somewhere.
During the era ofKorea under Japanese rule, the ruler used terms such as "jooga" or "Joseon house" when they were talking about house improvement. There is a record ofhanok; however, the specific term "hanok" hasn't been used prevalently.
The specific word "hanok" appeared in theSamsung Korean dictionary in 1975, where it was defined as an antonym of "western house" and as a term meaningJoseon house (Korean-style house). After the 1970s, with urban development, manyapartments andterraced houses were built in South Korea, and manyhanok were demolished everywhere. From that time on, ahanok was only called a "Korean traditional house".[citation needed]
In a broad sense, "hanok" refers to a house withthatching or to aNeowa-jib (a shingle-roofed house) or aGiwa-jib (tile-roofed house), although the general meaning ofhanok refers to only aGiwa-jib in Korea.[4]
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The environment-friendly aspects of traditional Korean houses range from the structure's inner layout to the building materials which were used. Another unique feature of traditional houses is their special design for cooling the interior in summer and heating the interior in winter.
Since Korea has hot summers and cold winters, theOndol (Gudeul), a floor-based heating system,[5] and the Daecheong, a cool wooden-floor style hall, were devised long ago to help Koreans survive the frigid winters and to block sunlight during summer. These early types of heating and air-conditioning were so effective that they are still in use in many homes today. The posts, ordaedulbo, are not inserted into the ground, but are fitted into the cornerstones to keephanok safe from earthquakes.
The raw materials used inhanok, such as soil, timber, and rock, are all natural and recyclable and do not cause pollution.[citation needed]Hanok have their own tiled roofs (기와,giwa), wooden beams and stone-block construction. Cheoma is the edge of curved roofs of thehanok. The lengths of the Cheoma can be adjusted to control the amount of sunlight that enters the house. A form oftraditional Korean paper (한지,hanji), lubricated with bean oil to make it waterproof and polished, is used to make beautiful and breathable windows anddoors.[citation needed]
The shapes ofhanok differ regionally. Due to the warmer weather in the southern region, Koreans builthanok with the rooms aligned in a straight line. In order to allow good wind circulation, they have open, wooden floor living areas and many windows. The most common shape forhanok in the central region is an L-shaped layout, an architectural mixture of the shapes in the northern and the southern regions.Hanok in the cold northern region have square layouts that block the wind flow. They do not have an open, wooden floor area, and the rooms are all joined together. They commonly have Jeongjugan, a space between the kitchen and other rooms, which is warmed by an Ondol.[6]
The structure ofhanok is also classified according to social class. Typically the houses ofyangban (upper class),jungin (middle class) and urban commoners, withgiwa (tiled roof), emphasized not only the function of the house, but also its aesthetics. The houses of provincial commoners (as well as some impoverished yangban), withchoga (a roof plaited by rice straw), were built in a more strictly functional manner.
Manyhanok have been preserved, such as:
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