Ethnocentric attitudes among ethnic Han within China
This article is about ethnocentric attitudes among ethnicHan within China. For a nationalistic attitude among ethnicHan Chinese, seeHan nationalism. For the diplomatic system and the ideology that emphasized China's centrality in the world, seeSinocentrism. For a form of nationalism that asserts that allChinese people, includingethnic minorities, are a nation, seeChinese nationalism.
Mao Zedong first criticized Han chauvinism in 1938 and these criticisms continued throughout his rule.[1] For example, Mao's 1956 speechOn the Ten Major Relationships emphasizes the need to oppose Han chauvinism.[2]
TheChinese Communist Party (CCP)'s notions of China as a multicultural state have been subjected to criticism by the western media.[3] Many policies have been made to give privileges to minority ethnicities, leading to legal inequality.[4][5]
CCP former leaderDeng Xiaoping also criticized Han chauvinism.[1]
The current CCP general secretaryXi Jinping has officially criticized Han chauvinism.[6] However, theChinese Dream, a core concept of Xi is believed by some to have Han-centric dimensions.[1][7]
Although the current Chinese government has largely attempted to promote the idea of amultiethnic nationalism instead of asingular ethnic nationalism, individuals have pointed about the lack of an agreed-upon definition of Chinese nationalism may have impacted on China's political decision with regard to other non-Han people and non-Chinese nations.[8][9][10][11][needs update]
Since 1758, the region ofXinjiang has issues with government policy, which further extend to ethnic relations.[19] Han andHui people often live closer toUyghurs, and stereotypes were developed.[20]
Mongols have been perceived to be better integrated into society than Uyghurs and Tibetans.[21] However, there were ethnic tensions and stereotypes.[22][23]
Han nationalism andChinese nationalism (as well as Han Chinese chauvinism or Chinese chauvinism) are different in terms of ideology, with the latter frequently focusing on a more multiethnic form ofnationalism.[24] There were a significant and large group of proponents of a multiethnic form of Chinese nationalism along with other scholars as well.[25][26]
The multifaceted image of Han Chinese nationalism further developed during the buildup to modern Chinese statehood.[27][28][29][30] Han Chinese nationalism also played a part in World War II, when theSecond Sino-Japanese War occurred, where the Han Chinese people frequently suffered, and fought, against the Japanese.[31][32]
^Ghai, Yash (2000).Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.ISBN978-0-521-78642-3.
^Liu, Xiaoyuan (2010).Recast All Under Heaven: Revolution, War, Diplomacy, and Frontier China in the 20th Century. Recast All Under Heaven: Revolution, War, Diplomacy, and Frontier China in the 20th Century. pp. 115–116.ISBN978-1-4411-3489-9.
^Law, Ian (2012).Red Racisms: Racism in Communist and Post-Communist Contexts. Springer.ISBN978-1-137-03084-9.
^Carrico, Kevin (29 August 2017).The great Han: race, nationalism, and tradition in China today. Univ of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-29549-0.OCLC1125804033.
^Law, Ian (8 September 2012). "Racial Sinicisation: Han Power and Racial and Ethnic Domination in China". In Law, Ian (ed.).Red Racisms. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 97–131.doi:10.1057/9781137030849_4.ISBN978-1-349-33608-1.
^Tang, Wenfang He, Gaochao (30 August 2010).Separate but loyal: ethnicity and nationalism in China. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center. pp. 17–18.OCLC678575064.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily onethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form ofethnic nationalism.
