Hamilton[a], also known colloquially asThe Tron, is an inland city in theNorth Island ofNew Zealand. Located on the banks of theWaikato River, it is the seat and most populous city of theWaikato region. With a territorial population of 192,100,[5] it is the country'sfourth most-populous city. Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 (42 sq mi),[6] Hamilton is part of the widerHamilton Urban Area, which also encompasses the nearby towns ofNgāruawāhia,Te Awamutu andCambridge. In 2020, Hamilton was awarded the title of most beautiful large city in New Zealand.[7] Hamilton is now considered the fastest growing city in the country.[8]
The area now covered by the city began as the site of severalMāori villages, including Kirikiriroa, from which the city takes its Māori name. By the time English settlers arrived, most of these villages, which sat beside the Waikato River, were abandoned as a result of theInvasion of Waikato andland confiscation (Raupatu) by the Crown.
The settlers developed the city as an agricultural service centre, but it now has a diverse economy.Hamilton Gardens is the region's most popular tourist attraction. Education andresearch and development play an important part in Hamilton's economy, as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists.[9]
The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages (kāinga), including Te Parapara,[12] Pukete, Miropiko and Kirikiriroa ("long stretch of gravel'), from which the city takes its Māori name. Local Māori were the target of raids byNgāpuhi during theMusket Wars,[13] and severalpā sites from this period can still be found beside the Waikato River. In December 2011 several rua or food storage pits were found near the Waikato River bank, close to the Waikato museum.
In 1822, Kirikiriroa Pa was briefly abandoned to escape the Musket Wars. However, by the 1830sNgāti Wairere's principal pa was Kirikiriroa,[14] where the missionaries, who arrived at that time,[15] estimated 200 people lived permanently.[14] A chapel and house were built at Kirikiriroa for visiting clergy,[16] presumably afterBenjamin Ashwell established his mission near Taupiri.
Between 1845 and 1855, crops such as wheat, fruit and potatoes were exported to Auckland, with up to 50 canoes serving Kirikiriroa. Imports included blankets, clothing, axes, sugar, rum, and tobacco.[16] Millstones were acquired and a water wheel constructed, though possibly the flour mill wasn't completed.[14] However, one article said Kirikiriroa flour was well known.[17]
Magistrate Gorst, estimated that Kirikiriroa had a population of about 78 before theInvasion of Waikato via the Waikato Wars of 1863–64. The government estimated the Waikato area had a Māori population of 3,400 at the same time. After the war in the Waikato, large areas of land (1.2 Million Acres), including the area of the present city of Hamilton were confiscated by the Crown under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863.[18] Over the next year, most of these villages were abandoned as a result of theland confiscation, also known asRaupatu.
After the Invasion of the Waikato and confiscation of the invaded land,militia-settlers were recruited in Melbourne and Sydney.[19] On 10 August 1864 the government advertised for tenders to build 10 huts and a hospital at Kirikiriroa.[20] Hamilton was settled by the 4th Waikato Regiment Militia, led by Captain William Steele.[19][21] The 1st Regiment was atTauranga, the 2nd atPirongia, the 3rd at Cambridge and the 4th at Kirikiriroa.[15][22] The first military settlers arrived on theRangiriri on 24 August 1864.[23] Members ofNgāti Wairere assembled on the banks of the river as theRangiriri arrived and threw peaches at her.[24][25] One of the passengers, Teresa Vowless, passed her baby to another passenger and leapt overboard in order to be the first settler ashore.[26]
Many of the soldier/settlers who intended to farm after the 1863 war, walked off their land in 1868 due to its poor quality. Much of the land was swampy or under water. In 1868 Hamilton's population, which was about 1,000 in 1864, dropped to 300 as farmers left.[27] On 22 December 1875 the first brickworks opened in Hamilton.[28]
The road from Auckland reached Hamilton in 1867 and the railway in December 1877. That same month, the towns ofHamilton West andHamilton East merged under a singleborough council.[29] The first traffic bridge between Hamilton West and Hamilton East, known as the Union Bridge, opened in 1879. It was replaced by the Victoria Bridge in 1910.
The first railway bridge, theClaudelands Bridge, was opened in 1884. It was converted to a road traffic bridge in 1965.[30] Hamilton reached 1,000 people in 1900, and the town ofFrankton merged with the Hamilton Borough in 1917.[22] Between 1912 and 1936, Hamilton expanded with new land inClaudelands (1912), Maeroa (1925), and Richmond – modern dayWaikato Hospital and northern Melville (1936).[31] Hamilton was proclaimed a city in 1945.[15]
In the latter 19th century, the areas ofTe Rapa andPukete were important sites for thekauri gum trade of the late 19th/early 20th centuries, being some of the southern-most locations where gum could be found.[32]
Hood Street in 1962
Beale Cottage is an 1872 listed building in Hamilton East.
From 1985MV Waipa Delta[33] provided excursions along the river through the town centre. In 2009Waipa Delta[34] was moved to provide trips onWaitematā Harbour in Auckland,[35] but replaced by a smaller boat. That too ceased operation and the pontoon atParana Park was removed in 2013.[36] TheDelta moved to Taupō in 2012.[37] The formerGolden Bay vessel,[38]Cynthia Dew, ran 4 days a week[39] on the river from 2012,[40] but was in liquidation in December 2022.[41]
As of 2016, the city continues to grow rapidly. Development is focused on the northern end of the city although in 2012 the council made a decision to balance the city's growth by approving an urban development to the south. Traffic congestion is increasing due to population growth, though the council has undertaken many road development projects to try to keep up with the rapid growth.[42] The Hamilton City Council is building a 2/4-lane arterial road, Wairere Drive, through the northern and eastern suburbs to form a 25 km suburbanring road with State Highway 1, which is due for completion in early 2015,[43] while the New Zealand Transport Agency plans to complete the Hamilton section of theWaikato Expressway by 2019, easing congestion taking State Highway 1 out of the city and bypassing it to the east.[44]
The rapid growth of Hamilton has brought with it the side effects ofurban sprawl especially to the north east of the city in theRototuna area. Further development is planned in the Rototuna andPeacocke suburbs.[45] There has been significant development oflifestyle blocks adjacent to the Hamilton Urban Area, in particularTamahere, andMatangi.
Waikato River in Hamilton Central from Parana Park
Hamilton's geography is largely the result of successive volcanic ash falls, plus debris, which swept down the Waikato River in at least two massive floods, created by ash blocking the outlet ofLake Taupō. In its present form the landscape originated around 20,000 years ago (20kya), after theOruanui eruption of theTaupō Volcano. The dates given for the eruption vary. A 2007 study said it was between 22.5 and 14 kya.[46] Another in 2004 put it 26.5 kya. After the eruptionLake Taupō rose to about 145 m (476 ft) above the present lake. Around 20 kya. the ash dam eroded and the lake rapidly fell some 75 m (246 ft), creating massive floods. The ash they carried formed the main Hinuera Surface into analluvial fan of volcanic ash, which extends north of Hamilton and drops about 60 m (200 ft) fromKarapiro. The Waikato changed its course from flowing into the sea atThames at about that time, possibly just because sediment built up. Thepeat lakes and bogs also formed about that time;carbon dating gives maximum ages of 22.5 to 17 kya. Due to anice age, vegetation was slow to restabilise the ash, sodunes formed up to 25 m (82 ft) above the local Hinuera surface. The current Waikato valley had cut into the debris by about 12 kya. and was further modified by the 181 CEHatepe eruption, when again Lake Taupō level fell 34 m (112 ft), generating a 20 km3 (4.8 cu mi) flood, equivalent to 5 years' normal flow in just a few weeks.[47] About 800 years ago,aggradation began raising the river bed by about 8 m (26 ft).[46]
With the exceptions of the many low hills such as those around theUniversity of Waikato, Hamilton Lake, Beerescourt, Sylvester Road, Pukete, and to the west of the city, and an extensive network of gullies, the terrain of the city is relatively flat. In some areas such as Te Rapa, one old path of an ancient river can be traced. The relatively soft and unconsolidated soil material is still being actively eroded by rain and runoff.[citation needed]
In its natural state, Hamilton and environs was very swampy in winter with 30 small lakes connected to surrounding peatlands. Hamilton was surrounded by 7 large peat bogs such as Komakorau to the North and Rukuhia andMoanatuatua to the South, as well as many smaller ones all of which have now been drained with only small remnants remaining.[48] The total area of peat bog was about 655 km2.[49] Early photos of Hamilton East show carts buried up to their axles in thick mud. Up until the 1880s it was possible to row and drag a dinghy from the city to many outlying farms to the North East. This swampy, damp environment was at the time thought to be an ideal breeding ground for the TB bacillus, which was a major health hazard in the pioneering days. The first Hamilton hospital was constructed on a hill to avoid this problem. One of the reasons why population growth was so slow in Hamilton until the 1920s was the great difficulty in bridging the many arms of the deep swampy gullies that cross the city. Hamilton has 6 major dendritic gully complexes with the 15 km long, 12 branch, Kirikiriroa system being in the north of the city and the southern Mystery creek-Kaipaki gully complex being the largest.[50] Others are Mangakotukutuku, Mangaonua and Waitawhiriwhiri.[51]
In the 1930s, Garden Place Hill, one of the many small hills sometimes referred to as the Hamilton Hills, was removed by unemployed workers working with picks and shovels and model T Ford trucks. The Western remains of the hill are retained by a large concrete wall. The original hill ran from the presentWintec site eastwards to the old post office (now casino). The earth was taken 4 km north to partly fill the Maeroa gully adjacent to the Central Baptist Church on Ulster Street, the main road heading north.[52]
Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton Lake) began forming about 20,000 years ago (20 kya). Originally it was part of an ancient river system that was cut off by deposition material and became two small lakes divided by a narrow peninsula. With higher rainfall and drainage from the extensive peat land to the west, the water level rose so the narrow peninsula was drowned so forming one larger lake. To the north the lake is 8 m deep and in the southern (hospital) end 6 m deep. The old dividing peninsula, the start of which is still visible above water on the eastern side, is only 2 m below the surface. Lake Rotoroa offers a diverse range of recreational activities, includingwalking trails, picnic areas, andwater sports, making it a popular destination for both locals and tourists. The well-maintained paths around the lake are ideal for jogging, walking, and cycling. These trails offer stunning views of the lake and surrounding landscapes, providing a tranquil setting for exercise enthusiasts and nature lovers alike.[53]
Hamilton's climate isoceanic (Köppen: Cfb ), with highly moderated temperatures due to New Zealand's location surrounded by ocean. As the largest inland city in the country, winters are cool and mornings can feature the lowest temperatures of the North Island's main centres, dropping as low as −3 °C (27 °F) several times per year, experiencing on average 17.1 nights that drop below freezing.[54] Nighttime temperatures are even cooler outside of the city. Likewise, summers can be some of the warmest in the country with on average 51.6 days with temperatures exceeding 25 °C (77 °F).[54] Ground frosts are common and snow is possible but rare. The only recorded snowfall in modern times was light snowflakes in mid-August 2011 during a prolonged cold period that saw snowfall as far north asDargaville.[55]
Hamilton receives considerable precipitation amounting to around 1,100 mm over 125 days per year. This coupled with annual sunshine hours of around 2,000 makes Hamilton and the surroundingWaikato an extremely fertile region.[citation needed]
Typically summers are dry and winters are wet. Fog is common during winter mornings, especially close to theWaikato River which runs through the city centre. Hamilton is one of the foggiest cities on earth, however, fog usually burns off by noon to produce sunny and calm winter days.[56]
Hamilton also has the lowest average wind speed of New Zealand's main centres as a result of its inland location, in a depression surrounded by high hills and mountains.[57]
Climate data for Hamilton (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present)
Hamilton had a population of 174,741 in the2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 13,830 people (8.6%) since the2018 census, and an increase of 33,129 people (23.4%) since the2013 census. There were 85,437 males, 88,497 females and 807 people ofother genders in 60,897 dwellings.[76] 3.9% of people identified asLGBTIQ+. The median age was 33.2 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 36,570 people (20.9%) aged under 15 years, 40,836 (23.4%) aged 15 to 29, 75,549 (43.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 21,783 (12.5%) aged 65 or older.[75]
Of those at least 15 years old, 30,033 (21.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 66,924 (48.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 32,769 (23.7%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $42,200, compared with $41,500 nationally. 13,599 people (9.8%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 72,741 (52.6%) people were employed full-time, 16,971 (12.3%) were part-time, and 5,346 (3.9%) were unemployed.[75]
The main area of population growth is in theFlagstaff-Rototuna area. With its large tertiary student population atWintec andWaikato University, approximately 40,000 tertiary students, Hamilton has a significant transient population.[79] Hamilton is the second fastest growing population centre after Auckland.
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 58.5%European (Pākehā); 25.4%Māori; 6.8%Pasifika; 22.8%Asian; 2.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.0% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 94.0%, Māori language by 6.8%, Samoan by 0.9% and other languages by 20.6%. No language could be spoken by 2.6% (e.g. too young to talk).New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 30.1, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Education and research are important to the city—Hamilton is home to two institutes of higher education, theUniversity of Waikato and theWaikato Institute of Technology (Wintec). Research at the Ruakura research centres have been responsible for much of New Zealand's innovation in agriculture. Hamilton's main revenue source is the dairy industry, due to its location in the centre of New Zealand's largest dairying area.
Hamilton annually hosts the National AgriculturalFieldays at Mystery Creek, the southern hemisphere's biggest agricultural trade exhibition. Mystery Creek is the country's largest event centre and hosts other events of national importance, such asParachute Christian Music Festival, the National Car Show and the National Boat Show.
Manufacturing and retail are also important to the local economy, as is the provision of health services through the Waikato Hospital. The city is home to New Zealand's largest aircraft manufacturer,Pacific Aerospace, which manufactured its 1,000th aircraft in August 2009, and previouslyMicro Aviation NZ which manufactured and exported high-qualitymicrolight aircraft.[83] It also has its largest concentration of trailer-boat manufacturers such as Buccaneer. Hamilton is also the home of Gallagher Group Ltd, a manufacturer and exporter of electric fencing and security systems. Employing 600 people Gallagher has been doing business in Hamilton since 1938. Hamilton is also home toVickers Aircraft Company, a startup aircraft manufacturer making a carbon fibre amphibious aircraft called theWave.[84]
Recent years have seen the firm establishment of the New Zealand base of the British flight training organisation L3. L3 trains over 350 airline pilots a year at its crew training centre atHamilton Airport.[85]
Tainui Group Holdings Ltd, the commercial arm of theWaikato tribe, is one of Hamilton's largest property developers. The Waikato tribe is one of the city's largest landowners. Tainui owns land atThe Base, Centre Place, The Warehouse Central, University of Waikato, Wintec, the Courthouse, Fairfield College, and the RuakuraAgResearch centre.[86] The Waikato tribe is a major shareholder of theNovotel Tainui and theHotel Ibis.
It has developed the large retail centre The Base in the old Te Rapa airforce base site which was returned to Tainui, followingconfiscation in the 1860s, as part of a 1995 Treaty of Waitangi settlement. In mid-2010, The Base was further expanded with Te Awa Mall complex stage 1.[citation needed] Many large retailers such as Farmers and other nationwide speciality chains have located at Te Awa. In 2011 a further stage was opened, with cinemas, restaurants, shops and an underground carpark.
The city's three major covered shopping malls areCentre Place (formerlyDowntown Plaza)[87] in the CBD,Chartwell Shopping Centre and most recentlyTe Awa atThe Base. AfterFarmers Hamilton moves from its existing site on corner of Alexandra and Collingwood streets into the redeveloped Centre Place in late 2013,[88] each major mall will have thedepartment store as ananchor tenant.
The western suburb of Frankton is home to a smaller shopping centre and long-standing local furniture and home department storeForlongs.[89] There are many other small suburban shopping centres or plazas, often centred on aNew World orCountdown supermarket, such as in Rototuna, Hillcrest andGlenview.
In 2004, Hamilton City Council honoured former residentRichard O'Brien with a life-size bronze statue of him as character Riff Raff, ofThe Rocky Horror Picture Show, in his space suit. The statue was designed byWētā Workshop, props makers forThe Lord of the Rings films. It stands on the former site of the Embassy Cinema, where O'Brien watched science fiction-double features.[90]
Several Māori Pa have been part restored at Pukete, Hikuwai and Miropiko along the banks of the Waikato River.
The city is host to a large number of small galleries and theWaikato Museum. The latter includes Te Winika, one of the best-preservedwaka taua (Māori war canoe) from the pre-colonisation era. It is also home to one of the country's premier experimentalblack box theatres,The Meteor Theatre.
Hamilton is host to several large scale music festivals including theSoundscape music festival, which is one of New Zealand's largest street parties.[91][92][93] The city also hosts theOpus Chamber Orchestra which draws musicians from around the Waikato Region[94] and is the home of theNew Zealand Chamber Soloists.[95] An ongoing classical concert series featuring world class musicians[95] is held throughout the year at the Gallagher Concert Chamber, organised by theUniversity of Waikato, Conservatorium of Music.
Hamilton is fast becoming amotorsport venue as well. A round of theWRC was held in 2006 and the annualV8 Supercars race on astreet circuit started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
Rugby league is also played in Hamilton with the two local teams, Hamilton City Tigers and Hamilton Hornets/College Old Boys, playing in the Premier Division of theWaikato Rugby League.
Sailing takes place on Hamilton lake for 9 months of the year. The Hamilton Yacht Club has its clubrooms, slipway and ramp on the western side of Lake Rotoroa. Motor boats are not allowed on the lake, with an exception of the Yacht Club rescue boats.
Each year in April, Hamilton supports the '5 Bridges' swimming challenge. The course starts in Hamilton Gardens, and continues for 6 kilometres finishing at Ann St Beach. The swim is assisted by the current, with the full distance typically covered in under an hour. The event celebrated its 71st year on 11 April 2010.[97]
The major daily newspaper is theWaikato Times. Weekly community newspapers include theHamilton Press,Hamilton News andWaikato University student magazineNexus.
Hamilton Gardens is the region's most popular tourist attraction and hosts the Hamilton Gardens Summer Festival each year.The Base is New Zealand's second largest shopping centre, with over 7.5 million visitors per year to the 190 stores. Te Awa, an enclosed speciality retail mall at The Base, was awarded a silver medal by the International Council of Shopping Centres for the second-best expansion in the Asia Pacific region.[103]
Hamilton hassix public libraries located throughout the city with the Central Library housing the main reference and heritage collection. Hamilton City Theaters provides professional venue and event management at two of the three theatrical venues in the city:Founders Theatre (closed since 2016),[104] and Clarence St Theater. The Meteor theatre was bought by the One Victoria Trust in 2013 after the Hamilton City Council proposed the sale of the theatre and is now privately operated.
St Peter's Cathedral, built in 1916, is theAnglican cathedral in Hamilton, on Cathedral Hill at the southern end of Victoria Street. There is also St Mary'sRoman Catholic cathedral on the opposite side of the river.
TheHamilton New Zealand Temple ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is located inTemple View, Hamilton. It was opened along with theChurch College of New Zealand, a large high school owned by the church, in the late 1950s. Both the college and the temple were built by labour missionaries. The school was closed in December 2009. Every year, the temple hosts a large Christmas lighting show which attracts large crowds from all over the country.
Hamilton's public hospital isWaikato Hospital with 600 beds, 22 operating theatres[105] and about 5,000 worked there in 2014[106] It is the fourth largest public hospital in New Zealand in number of beds.[107] There are two other major private hospitals in Hamilton City;Braemar Hospital, located in the same area that Waikato Hospital is located, and Southern Cross Hospital, located inHamilton East. Hamilton also has a two private primary maternity hospitals, which are fully funded by the WaikatoDistrict Health Board, Waterford Birth Centre and River Ridge East Birth Centre.[108]
TheNew Zealand Household Travel Survey 2015 – 2018 said that 86% of Hamilton trip legs were made by car (60% as driver, 26% as passenger), 10% were walking, 2% cycling and 1% by bus.[109]
Hamilton Airport serves as a domestic airport. It is jointly owned by Hamilton City and neighbouring district councils. The airport is located just outside Hamilton's boundary, within theWaipa District. There are direct flights with Air New Zealand to Christchurch and Wellington and Origin Air to Napier, Nelson and Palmerston North.Sunair served Hamilton for 30 years until it withdrew due to insufficient demand. also there are charter flights to other destinations throughout the North Island. The airport also served as a major base for now defunct low-cost airlinesFreedom Air andKiwi Air.Virgin Australia offered three international flights a week, to and fromBrisbane Airport,Sydney Airport,Melbourne Airport andGold Coast Airport. However international flights were discontinued in 2012, primarily due to a small market. In June 2025 international flights returned, with services to Sydney and Gold Coast operated byJetstar.[110]
The airport is the base for pilot training schools and the aircraft manufacturer, Pacific Aerospace, is located at the northern end of the runway.
Hamilton has 97 km (60 mi) of on-road, 21 km (13 mi) of off-road and 28 km (17 mi) of riverside cycleways,[111] which link the city centre with the outlying suburbs.[112][113] These cycleways consist of a mixture of dedicated cycle lanes, which are 1-metre-wide strips either coloured green or with a painted outline of a cycle and mixed use cycle/walk ways which are mainly located alongside the Waikato River.[114] The city's design guide says the preferred width for cycleways is 3 m (9.8 ft).[115] A cycleway was built beside Greenwood Street and Kahikatea Drive in 2015 and beside Ohaupo Road and Normandy Avenue in 2016.[116] A $6.7m, 2.7 km (1.7 mi) Western Rail Trail opened in 2017 linking Glenview, Melville, and Deanwell,Hamilton Girls' High School,WINTEC and the city centre.[117]
One of New Zealand's main road arteryState Highway 1C runs through several of Hamilton's suburbs and connects withState Highway 3 at a major intersection within the city boundaries. The Hamilton section of theWaikato Expressway, which was completed in 2022 shiftedState Highway 1 to the east of Hamilton City, effectively bypassing the city and easing congestion between commuting city traffic and through traffic. It will also, as expressed in a City Council report, "undermine the attractiveness of public transport as a mode of choice for many years to come."[118]
Safer Speed Areas 40 km/h limits were first introduced in Hamilton in 2011 and by 2014 there were 36 of them,[119] many in suburbs near the river.[120]
As well as being bypassed by the Expressway, Hamilton will also have the Ring Road and, prior to those, the city centre was bypassed by Anglesea Street in 1964[122] and the main road diverted from the north end of Victoria Street[123] onto Ulster Street, which was extended to absorb Gurnell Avenue and form a 4-lane main road,[124] by putting Waitewhiriwhiri Stream in a culvert and filling the valley.[125]
The Hamilton Ring Road project was initiated to free some of the city's streets from peak-traffic congestion and improve connectivity around the city. It consists of five segments, opening between 1963 and 2024. It was linked to the Te Rapa Section of the Waikato Expressway in 2012.[126]
The first part of the ring road, Cobham Drive, from Tristram St to Cambridge Road, was named in 1963 after the Governor-General,Viscount Cobham. It was originally named Southern Outlet.[127] It linked toSH3 along Normandy Drive.[128] Prior to that the junction with SH3 had been at Victoria Street / Bridge Street and SH1 had used Grey Street and Cambridge Road.[129]
To the west and south, Greenwood Street, which had existed since 1907, was extended south to Kahikatea Drive,[130] which was named in 1971[131] and opened about 1974.[132][133]
The next part of the ring road, on the western side, opened when SH1 was diverted from the city centre to run east of the city, throughNawton from 1 July 1992.[134] Norton Road Extension was renamed Avalon Drive.[135] The road was originally built about 1919.[136][137] Currently this road is quite congested in morning and evening peak-hour however space has been allocated to upgrade the road from its current two lanes to four lanes in the near future.
Wairere Drive forms the north east part of the ring road. Initially it ran from Avalon Drive to River Road at Flagstaff, viaPukete Bridge. The land for it wasgazetted in 1995[138][139] and the road was on the 1998 map.[140] It had a 70 km/h speed limit.[141] The extension to Hukanui Rd was on the 2009 map.[142] It was then extended from Hukanui Rd to Crosby Rd in 2010, to Ruakura Rd in 2013[126] and 5.5 km (3.4 mi) to Cambridge Rd in 2014,[143] when the Pukete Rd to Resolution Dr section was widened from 2 to 4 lanes,[126] and roundabouts replaced with traffic lights, at a cost of $84m.[143] The extension from Hukanui Road to Tramway Road cost $1.5m in 2005/06, plus $3.3m in 2007/08.[144] In 2008, on the budget had been over $14m.[120] The road includes a 3 m (9.8 ft) wide cycleway.[145] Completion is planned for 2022.[146]
Traffic at Pukete Bridge in 2006 was 25,200 vehicles a day.[147] In 2018 it was 38,400.[148] Many sections of Wairere Drive are congested during morning and evening peak-hour traffic. Hamilton City Council removed funding from its 2024-2034 Long Term Plan to widen many sections of the road, which included the construction of new bus priority and transit lanes.
In 2017, it was noted that a drop in passenger numbers on theOrbiter bus correlated with opening of the extension to Cambridge Rd in 2014.[149]
The final part of the ring road will be the Southern Links, throughPeacocke.[150] Construction of the $150m bridge over the Waikato is planned between 2020 and 2023.[151] The plan for the area says, "it is intended that the arterial routes also make provision for alternative modes of transport such aslight rail by maintaining corridors."[152] Thesixth National government has promised to build the Southern Links as part of theRoads of National Significance project.
Fairfield Bridge, in central Hamilton.Claudelands Bridge, WaikatoClaudelands Bridge, Hamilton, NZ. Taken from just below the Bridge Street bridge.
The seven road bridges that cross the river[153] are often the focus of morning and evening traffic delays. The road bridges within the city are (from north to south):
In addition to the road bridges within the city, theHorotiu bridge is located approximately 10 km north of the city centre and theNarrows Bridge approximately 10 km to the south. The Narrows bridge was closed for reconstruction of its piles in September 2010.[154] In Jan 2011 widening of the 1 km approach road Wairere Drive to Pukete bridge began. The bridge was expanded to 4 lanes in early 2013.
The river is also crossed by a rail bridge and a pedestrian bridge:
Funding for a walking and cycling bridge over the Waikato River that would connectMemorial Park to the CBD was re-allocated in Hamilton City Council's 2024-2034 Long Term Plan.[155]
Hamilton has buses linking the CBD to most of its suburbs. It also has three high-frequency bus services named Orbiter, Comet and the newly created Meteor service. The Orbiter service loops Hamilton City in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions connecting Rotokauri Transport Hub, Rototuna, Chartwell, University, CBD South, Hospital, Dinsdale and Wintec Rotokauri Campus.[156] The Comet service runs north to south and vice-versa connecting the southern suburbs to the Hospital, CBD, Transport Centre, Te Rapa and The Base shopping centre. The Meteor service runs east to west and vice-versa connecting the south-eastern suburbs to the University, Hamilton East, CBD, Transport Centre, western suburbs, Wintec Rotokauri and the Rotokauri Transport Hub. The high frequency buses run every 15 minutes during peak times.
Hamilton's rail network serves as a major hub for the distribution of dairy products to the ports of Auckland and Tauranga. This hub is located on Crawford St, on land that was formerly part of theTe Rapa Marshalling Yard, just north of the locomotive depot.[159] Te Rapa is at the northern end of the 25 kV AC 50 Hz electrification between Hamilton andPalmerston North.
NZR F class 230 was donated byEllis & Burnand, the central North Island sawmillers, in 1956 for static display. Formerly used as the yard engine at their Mangapehi sawmill, it was placed on display at Lake Rotoroa and its boiler filled with concrete. This engine has become a 0-4-2ST in later years following the loss of her rear coupling rod.
NZR DSA 230 (TMS DSA359), a 0-6-0DM diesel shunting locomotive built by English Electric for the Drewry Car Company, was withdrawn in 1986 and placed on display at Frankton minus its Gardner 8L3 diesel engine and transmission. It was moved in the early 2000s with its shelter toMinogue Park, where it was united with an open seating wagon built on the underframe of wagon W 960, built in 1946 and converted to Way & Works wagon E 7784 in April 1966.[160]
From the arrival of the railway in Hamilton, Frankton was arailway town. In 1923, the suburb became even more railway-orientated when the Frankton Junction Railway House Factory opened, producing the famousGeorge Troup designed railway houses sent to many North Island railway settlements, which are now sought-after pieces of real estate. Its 60 workers[161] produced almost 1400 pre-fabricated railway houses at a peak rate of 400 a year, usingrimu andmataī from the railway's central North Island forests. When, in 1926, government cuts reduced the need for railway houses, the factory also started to supply houses for local councils.[162] Those supplied toLower Hutt were claimed to be £500 cheaper than comparable houses.[163] The sawmill also produced everything else such as signal masts and boxes, bridges, sleepers, and even furniture for railway stations. It was too efficient for private builders, who got the housing factory closed in 1929. When it finally closed in the 1990s it was very dilapidated, butNZHPT supported restoration of the Category 1 historic place, retaining original windows, big sliding doors and the saw-tooth roof.[164] It is now home to a range of businesses.[165]
Frankton also was home to the Way and Works depot, still in operation as the KiwiRail Network depot. This was connected to the main line by a short siding that ran past the factory; this line was last used in 1997 when a shunting locomotive retrieved two flat wagons from the Way and Works depot.[citation needed]
The railway workers' community was centred largely around the W&W depot and sawmill, containing some 200 houses and a Railways Social Hall.[166] Many of the houses are still in place, the majority being the classic 90sq2 three-bedroom design used as standard across New Zealand for railway staff.[167]
As well as state and private primary, intermediate and high schools, it also notably includes a number ofKura Kaupapa Māori primary schools offering education in the Māori language.
The city has seven state secondary schools, in a clockwise direction from north: Rototuna High School in Rototuna,Fairfield College in Fairfield,Hamilton Boys' High School in Hamilton East,Hillcrest High School in Silverdale,Melville High School in Melville,Hamilton Girls' High School in the central city, andFraser High School in Nawton. Both Boys' and Girls' High offer boarding facilities. A new state secondary school is opened for the Rototuna area to serve the booming north-eastern corner of the city. The project had been delayed several years as the previous secondary school serving the area, Fairfield College, was below capacity. The new secondary school opened in 2016.[168]
Although telegraph came to Hamilton with the1864 invasion which established the town, it was quite late in developing its gas (1895), water (1903), sewage (1907) and electricity supplies (1913), probably because its population remained low; in 1911 Hamilton's population was 3,542 and Frankton's 1,113.[169] Optical cables and microwave towers now provide telecommunications links, gas is supplied by pipeline from Taranaki, water from the Waikato River by the Water Treatment Station at Waiora Terrace, sewage flows for treatment at Pukete and electricity is supplied from the national grid. Restrictions are still placed on garden sprinklers in summer and the Pukete sewage works was still not always meeting dischargeResource consent conditions in 2013.[170]
Atelegraph line from Auckland came shortly after the invasion,[171] reaching Whatawhata, Te Awamutu and Cambridge by October 1864.[172]Telephones came to Hamilton from 1882.[172] Hamilton got atelephone exchange in 1904 with 39 subscribers.[173] Hamilton telephones were put on anautomatic exchange between 1915[174] and 1920.[172] In 1955 a 4-tubecoaxial system linked Auckland and Hamilton, able to take 960 simultaneous calls.[175] In 1956 Cabinet approved amicrowave radio link from Palmerston North to Hamilton via hilltop repeaters at Te Awamutu,Te Kūiti.Awakino, Tuahu (south ofUrenui),Cardiff,Kakaramea,Pākaraka andMarton, able to take 600 simultaneous calls.[176] Abroadband link fromRotorua to Hamilton opened in 1965.[177] Waikato University opened the country's first Internet connection in 1989.[178]
Auckland Gas Company had been set up in 1862, but it wasn't until theHamilton Gasworks Act 1895 that Henry Atkinson (son of the manager of Auckland gasworks)[179] was allowed to set up a gasworks in Clarence St on allotment 322 (see photo of the[1]Archived 16 October 2015 at theWayback Machine) and put gas pipes under the streets. Work started on laying about 50 tons of pipes in July 1895.[180]
Clarence St gasworks in 1967 with Pembroke Rd, Pembroke La, Thackeray St, Tristram St in background – Hamilton, including city buildings.
It also allowed the city to purchase after 12 years at a price determined by arbitration.[181] A 1907 referendum authorised the city council to take over the gasworks. In 1911 the Privy Council set the purchase price at £34,402/14/3d ($5.7m at 2017 prices),[182] half of which was forgoodwill.[183]
A 100,000 cubic feet (2,800 m3)gasholder was authorised in 1911.[184] In 1913 the works was expanded and mains laid over the railway bridge into Hamilton East and along Ohaupo Rd.[185]
As well as gas,coke,tar andtar paint were produced.[186] Additions were made to the works as late as 1961.[187] Waikato coal was mixed with coal shipped viaGreymouth andRaglan from 1964 until 25 March 1970, when Hamilton switched to natural gas and the gasworks closed. The site was cleaned up after demolition in the 1990s, but is still monitored by Regional Council for contamination.[188]
Hamilton was one of the original nine towns and cities in the North Island to be supplied with natural gas when theKapuni gas field enters production in 1970. Gas from the Kapuni field in south Taranaki was transported north via a 373 km long, 200 mm diameter pipeline to Papakura in south Auckland, with Hamilton supplied via an offtake at Temple View.[189]
By 1890 complaints were being made of a shortage of water in the wells and tanks.[190] In 1902, a poll of ratepayers approved borrowing £5,000 to set up a water supply.[191] In 1903 3.2 km (2 mi) of pipes supplied water to 80 properties in Victoria, Anglesea, Collingwood, Clarence and Selkirk streets and the borough turncock reported average use at 15 imperial gallons (68 L) a day[192] (average consumption is now 224 litres (49 imp gal) a day).[193] By 1908 nearly all of Hamilton West had piped water, extended to Frankton and Claudelands in 1912.[194] A contract to pump the water into a tower was let in 1912.[195] By 1916[196] a 75-foot-high (23 m) water tower on Lake Rd[197] had been built to give extra pressure, mainly for the Fire Brigade[198] whose station opened in 1917.[199] Use was reported as 6,942,000 imperial gallons (31,558,957 L) in the month of August 1918.[200] In 1931 the system was upgraded, with larger pipes and an 86 ft (26 m) tower on Ruakiwi Rd, holding 2,600,000 imp gal (11,819,834 L).[201] Until 1939 on Sundays visitors could climb the tower for 6d.[202] The old tower remained until 1966.[203] Atreatment works was built in 1923,[204] usingcandy filters and supplying water at 75psi.[197]
The 1930 Hillsborough Terrace Water Treatment Station had a maximum continuous capacity slightly over 30 megalitres per day (ML/d). By 1970 peak demands exceeded 45 ML/d with the average annual daily demand being around 25 ML/d, but the site was too small to expand. So Waiora Terrace Station, Glenview (opposite Hamilton Gardens), was commissioned in mid 1971. It was designed for a maximum capacity of 65 ML/d, expandable to 190 ML/d,[205] was increased to approximately 85ML/d with the addition ofpolymer dosing in the 1980s[206] and by 2010 had a capacity of 106 ML/d.[193] It was built to aPatterson Candy design with coagulation, rapid sand gravity filtration and chlorine gas disinfection.[207]
Chlorine is added at 0.3 ppm andfluoride has been added since 1966, though with a brief withdrawal in 2013/14 and referendums supporting it in 2006[208] and2013.[209] The river water has 0.2 to 0.4 ppm[205] fluoride which is increased to around 0.75ppm[193] through the station. Arsenicin the Waikato River is also monitored. It can be about 3 times above theWHO limit, but treatment effects a 5-fold reduction to a level which meets the standards.[210]
From river level the water is pumped up to 8 reservoirs, which uses 410 kWh of power for each million litres of water pumped.[193] To cope with river levels below the intake pipes, a floating pumping platform was installed in 2016. It can pump up to 70 million litres a day.[211] Average use in 2010 was 224 litres per day per person. The 2006 population was 129,249, so total annual consumption was a bit over 10,000 million litres, using over 4 million kWh.[193] AHamilton City map shows the location of water, stormwater and sewage infrastructure and a description of the water distribution system is in this2001 HCC Strategic Planning document.
A 24 million litre reservoir opened at Kay Road in northRototuna in 2017,[212] providing Hamilton's ninth reservoir, the others being atDinsdale (2),Fairfield,Hillcrest,Maeroa,Pukete and, as above, at Ruakiwi.[213] A 12 million litre reservoir will be added atRuakura in 2020.[214]
Sewage long lagged behind other utilities. Initiallysections were large enough forseptic tanks to work as well as they could inpeatlands, but it wasn't long before the 1882 drainage scheme[204] was used for sewage connections. By 1904 complaints were being made about the blocked insanitary drain between Victoria and Anglesea Streets, resulting in a faltering start on anight soil service. The 1907 referendum, which approved purchase of the gasworks also agreed to raise a loan for sewage pipes (though rejected a plan for a steam[215] tram).[194] In 1917 MayorEllis rejected the Health Minister's suggestion, saying it was impossible to afford a sewage farm.[216] By 1919 only about a third of the city had sewers,[217] but between 1923 and 1925 "considerable progress" was made and sewage reticulation was further extended in 1933. However, there was a sewage related epidemic inMelville in 1940 and Melville, Fairfield and Hillcrest were added to the sewer network from 1949. Although by 1956 80% of Hamilton had sewage pipes, it was only piped to 14 septic tanks (17 when replaced in 1976[218]), which were emptied several times a year, either into the Waitawhirwhiri Stream, or directly into the Waikato.[194] In 1956 the Pollution Advisory Council said, "the daily flow of sewage effluent and trade wastes from Hamilton City is three million gallons… in effect, partly digested sludge and raw sewage is being disposed of into the Waikato River". Downstream from Hamilton contaminants increased 10 times between the 1950s and the early 1970s.[219] The1953 Water Pollution Act set up a Pollution Advisory Council, but it had no control powers until 1963.[220]
Pukete sewer bridge 165m long 14 m high built mid 1970s. Photo 2015.
In 1964, theDepartment of Health ordered adequate treatment for the sewage. Steven and Fitzmaurice, Consulting Engineers, presented a plan to Council early in 1966. There was some work on piping new areas in 1966, but work on the majortrunks and interceptors didn't start until 1969 and building at Pukete sewage works started in January 1972. The first sewage was treated in July 1975 and was fully connected early in 1977.[218]
Prestressed concrete box girder bridge over Kirikiriroa Stream at Tauhara Gully. Photo 2015.
The trunk lines needed a 165-metre-long (541 ft) bridge, about 14 m (46 ft) above the Waikato, another prestressed concretebox girder bridge over Kirikiriroa Stream at Tauhara Gully and 2 steel pipe bridges over other gullies. The River bridge was designed by Murray-North Partners and the others by council engineers.[218]
CH2M Beca, successor to the previous engineers, upgraded the plant from 1998 to 2002 to improve nitrogen,BOD and suspended solids levels, with a change from chlorination toUV treatment and biogas and natural gas 1.5 million watts (2,000 hp)cogeneration units, able to power the treatment processes and export surplus to the grid.[222]
A further 5 year upgrade started about 2009 expanding and improving the plant, including phosphorus removal.[223]
Despite the improvements there have been on-going problems. In 2012 the council was prosecuted for a sewage sludge spill[224] and consent conditions were breached in 2013 due to a bacterial problem.[170] In 2014 up to 800 m3 (180,000 imp gal) of untreated sewage got into the river.[225]
There are also problems with pumping stations. Out of over 130, up to 20 fail each month.[226]
Hamilton was also late in getting electricity.Reefton had electricity from 1888. Some Hamiltonians had their owndynamos from about 1912, the year the first licence was given for building lines and a generating plant in the Frankton Town Board area. It cost over £8,000 (about $1.3m in 2017 prices)[182] for the initial network, powered by two 45 kW (60 hp)DCBrush generators in Kent St, driven by two 4-cylinder 90 hp (67 kW) suctiongas engines (suction gas engines used low pressure gas from coal[227]), which started on 23 April 1913 (officially opened by Prime MinisterMassey on 4 June). Lighting was provided for streets, houses and the Empire Hotel in Frankton, initially only from 7.30am to 5pm, using a labourer, a meter reader and two linesmen. Electricity was sold at 10d (2015 equivalent $15) per kWh. The first Chief Electrical Engineer was Mr A Beale, followed byLloyd Mandeno, (1913–1916) and Israel (Jack) Webster, who stayed for nearly 40 years. From May 1916, Hamilton was connected and, in 1917, the supply area was widened to a 5-mile radius and an 80 kW (110 hp) and then two more 45 kW (60 hp) sets were added at Kent St.[228] Despite this, by 1920, Frankton was unable to cope with demand. Themayor, P H Watts, proposed buying a second-hand steam plant for £17,000, but it was rejected at a poll on 23 April 1920. The mayor, 6 councillors and the electricity staff all resigned.[229]
The problem was resolved by a link toHorahora Power Station completed, like Frankton, in 1913. In 1919 it was bought by the government and, by 1921, an 11 kV AC line linked it to Hamilton.,[228] allowing the "noisy, smoky", Kent St power station to close in July 1922,[230] by which time it was rated at 170 kW.[231]
There were over 1,500 connections in Hamilton by 1923.Undergrounding began in 1926, when the 11 kV cable was extended from Peachgrove Rd to Seddon Rd sub-station. By 1928 the council had 3,381 consumers and charges were down to 6d per kWh for lighting and 2d per kWh for power and heating. By 1935 4,458 were connected, with 55 mi (89 km) of line and lighting was down another penny. By 1950, the 11 kV rings in Hamilton East and Claudelands were finished. Soon afterwardsmercury vapor street lighting was installed in London Street and Norton Rd. 33kV gas- and oil-filled cables were laid from 1960 and switched on in April 1974. By 1987 there were 12,247 connections, 291 km (181 mi) of line and charges down to 6.577c/kWh[228] (about 13c in 2015 prices). In 2015 prices varied from 11.31 to 22.92 cents per kWh.[232]
Legislation in 1988 amalgamated the Central Waikato Electric Power Board with Hamilton's Electricity Division from April 1989 as Waikato Electricity Limited,[228] now known asWEL Networks,[233] one of thedistribution companies.
Hamilton now has a 220kV link to theNational Grid andTranspower provides for a peak load of 187MW, expected to rise to 216MW by 2030.[234]
^There were two sizes of Railway houses, the classic 90sq2 and the larger 100sq2 which was for management only. All were three-bedroom structures, and came with a choice of six different front porches.
^McLintock, Alexander Hare; Claude John Enright, formerly Principal Public Relations Officer; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu."INLAND TELECOMMUNICATIONS".An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966.
^abcZealand, National Library of New."Papers Past". Retrieved14 July 2016.
^McLaren, Stuart J.; Kim, Nicholas D. (1995). "Evidence for a seasonal fluctuation of arsenic in New Zealand's longest river and the effect of treatment on concentrations in drinking water".Environmental Pollution.90 (1):67–73.doi:10.1016/0269-7491(94)00092-R.PMID15091502.
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