Hamengkubuwono IX | |
|---|---|
| ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦨꦸꦮꦤ꧇꧙꧇ | |
.jpg) Official portrait, 1973 | |
| 2nd Vice President of Indonesia | |
| In office 23 March 1973 – 23 March 1978 | |
| President | Suharto |
| Preceded by | Mohammad Hatta (1956) |
| Succeeded by | Adam Malik |
| 1st Chief Minister for Economic and Financial Affairs | |
| In office 25 July 1966 – 28 March 1973 | |
| President |
|
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Widjojo Nitisastro |
| 5th Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia | |
| In office 6 September 1950 – 27 April 1951 | |
| President | Sukarno |
| Prime Minister | Mohammad Natsir |
| Preceded by | Abdul Hakim |
| Succeeded by | Suwiryo |
| 3rd Minister of Defense | |
| In office 3 April 1952 – 2 June 1953 | |
| President | Sukarno |
| Prime Minister | Wilopo |
| Preceded by | Raden Mas Sewaka [id] |
| Succeeded by | Wilopo |
| In office 15 July 1948 – 6 June 1950 | |
| President | Sukarno |
| Prime Minister | Mohammad Hatta |
| Preceded by |
|
| Succeeded by | Abdul Halim |
| 1st Governor of Yogyakarta | |
| In office 4 March 1950 – 2 October 1988 | |
| Vice Governor | Paku Alam VIII |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Paku Alam VIII |
| 9th Sultan of Yogyakarta | |
| Reign 18 March 1940 – 2 October 1988 | |
| Preceded by | Hamengkubuwono VIII |
| Succeeded by | Hamengkubuwono X |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gusti Raden Mas Dorodjatun (1912-04-12)12 April 1912 |
| Died | 2 October 1988(1988-10-02) (aged 76) Washington, D.C., US |
| Resting place | Astana Pajimatan Himagiri |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 21, includingHamengkubuwono X |
| Parents |
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| Relatives |
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| Alma mater | Leiden University |
| Occupation |
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| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Indonesia |
| Branch/service | Indonesian Army |
| Years of service | 1945–1953 |
| Rank | General (titular) |
| Battles/wars | |
SriSultanHamengkubuwono IX (Hanacaraka:ꦯꦿꦶꦯꦸꦭ꧀ꦡꦟ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦑꦸꦨꦸꦮꦟ꧇꧙꧇; 12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988[a]), often abbreviated asHB IX, was an Indonesian politician andJavanese royal who was the secondvice president of Indonesia, the ninthsultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of theSpecial Region of Yogyakarta. Hamengkubuwono IX was also the chairman of the first National Scout Movement Quarter and was known as the Father of theIndonesian Scouts.
Born asGusti Raden Mas Dorodjatun, in Sompilan, Ngasem,Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono IX was the ninth son of Prince Gusti Pangeran Puruboyo —later titledHamengkubuwono VIII— with his consort, Raden Ajeng Kustilah.[1][2]
When he was four, he was sent away to live with the Mulder family, a Dutch family which lived in the Gondokusuman area. While living with the Mulder family, Hamengkubuwono IX was called by the name Henkie which was taken from the name ofPrince Hendrik of the Netherlands.[3][4]
He spent his school years in Yogyakarta, starting fromFrobel School (kindergarten), and continuing to theEerste Europe Lagere School which then moved toNeutrale Europeesche Lagere School. After completing his basic education, he continued his education atHogere BurgerschoolSemarang for a year before moving toHogere BurgerschoolBandung.[3]
In 1930, he and his older brother, BRM – later known as Prabuningrat, after Hamengkubuwono IX's coronation – moved to the Netherlands. He started school at theLyceumHaarlem,Netherlands. He was often called Sultan Henk when studying at the school.[3] After graduating in 1934, Hamengkubuwono IX and his older brother moved toLeiden, entering the collegeRijksuniversiteitLeiden –Leiden University today – and took up the study ofIndology, study of the colonial administration in the Indies.
However, he didn't finish his education and had to return to his native land in 1939, following the start ofWorld War II.[5]
After arriving inBatavia from theNetherlands in October 1939, Hamengkubuwono IX was picked up by his father directly at theHotel des Indes. When an autonomous ruler was in Batavia, generally there were many agendas of activities that had to be fulfilled. One of the events attended by the royal family with Hamengkubuwono IX in Batavia was an invitation to dinner at thePalace of theGovernor General of the Dutch East Indies.[6] While preparing to attend the invitation, Hamengkubuwono IX was pinned withKyai Jaka Piturun's keris by his father.[7] This keris is generally passed on to the son of the ruler who is desired to become the crown prince. Therefore, this indicated that Hamengkubuwono IX would become the heir to thethrone of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta.[8][9]
After attending the three-day agenda in Batavia, the royal family, and Hamengkubuwono IX returned to Yogyakarta using theEendaagsche Express train. On the way, his father fell ill and became unconscious. Arriving in Yogyakarta, the Sultan was immediately rushed to theOnder de Bogen Hospital and treated until the end of his life on 22 October 1939. Hamengkubuwono IX as crown prince then gathered his brothers and uncles to discuss who would become the next Sultan. All of his relatives agreed to appoint Hamengkubuwono IX as the next Sultan.
Hamengkubuwono IX was crowned as Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX on 18 March 1940, the effective date of the political contract with the Dutch East Indies Government. GovernorLucien Adam crowned him for two titles at once. The first title is the title ofPrince Adipati Anom Hamengku Negara Sudibya Raja Putra Narendra Mataram, his title as Crown Prince. After that, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX was crowned with the titleSampéyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengkubuwana Sénapati ing Ngalaga Abdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama Kalifatullah Ingkang Jumeneng Kaping Sanga.[10]
During his coronation speech, Hamengkubuwono recognized hisJavanese origins and said "Even though I have tasted Western Education, I am still and will always be a Javanese."[11]
The 28-year-old Sultan negotiated terms and conditions with the 60-year-old governor, Dr Lucien Adam, for four months from November 1939 to February 1940. The main points of contention were:
Eventually, the Sultan agreed to the proposal by the government of the Netherlands, and in February 1942, the Netherlands surrendered Indonesia to the invading Japanese army.
In 1942, the Dutch Colonial Government in Indonesia was defeated by theJapanese Imperial Army. Japan subsequentlyoccupied the Dutch East Indies. Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX was given autonomy to run the government in his area under theJapanese Colonial Government. The position ofPepatih Dalem which previously had to be responsible to the Sultan and the Dutch Colonial Government now became only responsible to the Sultan.[12][13]
Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX was re-elected as Ruler of Yogyakarta on 1 August 1942 by the Commander in Chief of the Japanese Occupation Army inJakarta and Yogyakarta became aKochi (Special Region). Amid the large population taking intoRōmusha, the Sultan was able to prevent it by manipulating agricultural and livestock statistics. The Sultan proposed the construction of an irrigation canal that connectsthe Progo River andOpak River so that rice fields could be irrigated throughout the year, which previously had a rain-fed system. This proposal was accepted and even assisted by funding for its construction. This irrigation channel was later called the Mataram Sewer and in Japanese, it was calledGunsei Yosuiro (Yosuiro Canal). After the construction of the Mataram Sewers was completed, agricultural productivity increased so that the population used as Rōmusha was drastically reduced, although some were still brought in by the Colonial Government.[13][14]
Directly after the declaration of Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, Hamengkubuwono IX together withPaku Alam VIII, the Prince ofPakualaman decided to support the newly formed Republic. Hamengkubuwono IX's support was immediately recognized by the Central Government with an appointment to the Life-Governorship of Yogyakarta with Paku Alam VIII as vice governor. Yogyakarta's status was also upgraded to that of the Special Region. In addition, Hamengkubuwono IX served as Yogyakarta's military governor and was also minister of the state from 1945 to 1949.[citation needed]
The Dutch returned to lay claim to their former colony. Hamengkubuwono IX played a vital role in the resistance. In early 1946, the capital ofIndonesia was quietly relocated toYogyakarta, and the Sultan gave the new government some funding. When Indonesia first sought a diplomatic solution with the Dutch Government, Hamengkubuwono IX was part of the Indonesian delegation.[citation needed] On 21 December 1948, the Dutchsuccessfully occupied Yogyakarta and arrestedSukarno andHatta, Indonesia's first president and vice president. Hamengkubuwono IX did not leave Yogyakarta and continued to serve as governor.[citation needed] The Dutch intended to make Yogyakarta the capital of the new Indonesian federal state ofCentral Java and to appoint the sultan as head of state, but Hamengkubuwono refused to cooperate.[15] The Dutch viewed him with suspicion and at one stage began to entertain the idea that Hamengkubuwono IX was either planning to make Yogyakarta a completely autonomous region or setting his eyes on the leadership of the Republic.[16]
In early 1949, Hamengkubuwono IX conceived the idea of a major offensive to be launched against Yogyakarta and the Dutch troops occupying it. The purpose of this offensive was to show the world that Indonesia still existed and that it was not ready to surrender. The idea was suggested to GeneralSudirman, the Commander of the Indonesian Army, and received his approval. In February 1949, Hamengkubuwono IX had a meeting with then Lieutenant ColonelSuharto, the man chosen by Sudirman to be the field commander for the offensive. After this discussion, preparations were made for the offensive. This involved intensified guerilla attacks in villages and towns around Yogyakarta to make the Dutch station more troops outside of Yogyakarta and thin the numbers in the city itself.[citation needed] On 1 March 1949 at 6 am, Suharto and his troops launched the1 March General Offensive. The offensive caught the Dutch by surprise. For his part, Hamengkubuwono IX allowed his palace to be used as a hideout for the troops. For 6 hours, the Indonesian troops had control of Yogyakarta before finally retreating. The offensive was a great success, inspiring demoralized troops all around Indonesia. On 30 June 1949, the retreating Dutch forces handed over authority over Yogyakarta to Hamengkubuwono IX.[17] On 27 December, immediately after the transfer ofsovereignty was signed by QueenJuliana inDam Palace in Amsterdam,High CommissionerA.H.J. Lovink transferred his powers to Hamengkubuwono during a ceremony in Jakarta inKoningsplein Palace, later renamedMerdeka Palace.[18]
After Indonesia's Independence was recognized by the Dutch, Hamengkubuwono IX continued to serve in government. In addition to continuing his duties as Governor of Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono IX continued to serve in the Indonesian Government as Minister.[19]
Hamengkubuwono IX served as Minister of Defense and Homeland Security Coordinator (1949–1951 and 1953), vice premier (1951), chairman of the State Apparatus Supervision (1959), chairman of the State Audit Board (1960–1966), and Coordinating Minister for Development while concurrently holding the position of Minister of Tourism (1966).[citation needed] In addition to these positions, Hamengkubuwono IX held the positions of chairman of theNational Sports Committee of Indonesia (KONI) and chairman of the Tourism Patrons Council.
During theG30S Movement, in the course of which six generals were kidnapped from their homes and killed, Hamengkubuwono IX was present in Jakarta. That morning, with President Sukarno's location still uncertain, Hamengkubuwono was contacted by Suharto, who was now amajor general and the commander ofKostrad (Army Strategic Command) for advice. Suharto suggested that because Sukarno's whereabouts are still unknown, Hamengkubuwono IX should form a provisional government to help counter the movement.[20] Hamengkubuwono IX rejected the offer and contacted one of Sukarno's many wives who confirmed Sukarno's whereabouts.
After Suharto had receivedSupersemar (Order of the Eleventh of March) in March 1966, Hamengkubuwono IX andAdam Malik joined him in atriumvirate to reverse Sukarno's policies. Hamengkubuwono IX was appointed Minister of Economics, Finance, and Industry and charged with rectifying Indonesia's Economic problems. He would hold this position until 1973.[citation needed]
Ever since Mohammad Hatta resigned as vice president in December 1956, the position had remained vacant for the rest of Sukarno's time as president. When Suharto was formally elected to the presidency in 1968 by thePeople's Consultative Assembly, it continued to remain vacant. Finally, in March 1973, Hamengkubuwono IX was elected as vice president alongside Suharto who had also been re-elected to a second term as president.[citation needed] He retained his post as Yogyakarta Governor during his vice-presidential tenure.
Hamengkubuwono IX's election was not a surprise as he was a popular figure in Indonesia. He was also a civilian and his election to the vice presidency was hoped to complement Suharto's military background. Despite being officially elected in 1973, it can be said that Hamengkubuwono IX had been the de facto vice president beforehand as he regularly assumed the leadership of the country whenever Suharto was out of the country.[21] As vice president, Hamengkubuwono IX was put in charge of welfare and was also given the duty of supervising economic development.[22]
It was expected that the Suharto and Hamengkubuwono IX duet would be retained for another term. However, Hamengkubuwono IX had become disillusioned with Suharto's increasing authoritarianism and the increasing corruption.[23]
These two elements were also recognized by protesters who had demanded that Suharto not stand for another term as president. These protests reached their peak in February 1978, when students ofBandung Technological Institute (ITB) published a book giving reasons as to why Suharto should not be elected president. In response, Suharto sent troops to take over the campus and issued a ban on the book.[citation needed] Hamengkubuwono could not accept Suharto's actions. In March 1978, Hamengkubuwono rejected his nomination as vice president by thePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Suharto asked Hamengkubuwono to change his mind, but Hamengkubuwono continued to reject the offer and cited health as his reason for not accepting the nomination.[24]
Suharto took Hamengkubuwono IX's rejection personally and in his 1989 autobiography would claim credit for conceiving 1 March General Offense.[citation needed]
Hamengkubuwono IX had been active with Scouts from the days of the Dutch colonial government and continued to look after the movement once Indonesia became independent. In 1968, Hamengkubuwono IX was elected Head of thenational Scout movement. Hamengkubuwono IX was also awarded theBronze Wolf, the only distinction of theWorld Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, in 1973.[25][26]
From the beginning of independence, he had an interest in forming a national sports center organization to show national identity, which was related to sending Indonesian athletes in the early days of the War of Independence to the 1948 Olympics.[27] At its peak, he was trusted to lead and pioneer the formation ofthe National Sports Committee of Indonesia and became the longest-serving chairman in history and has produced proud achievements for Indonesia in international sporting events.
During a visit toWashington D.C. in 1988, Hamengkubuwono IX experienced sudden, internal bleeding. He was brought to theGeorge Washington University Medical Center, where he died on the evening of 2 October 1988, or the following morning, 3 October in Indonesia. His body was flown back toYogyakarta and buried in the royal mausoleum of the Mataram monarchs inImogiri. There is a special museum dedicated to him in the sultan's palace (kraton) in Yogyakarta. He was also given the titleNational Hero of Indonesia, a distinction for Indonesian patriots. His son, Raden Mas Herdjuno Darpito, succeeded him and took the regnal name ofHamengkubuwono X.
One of the two symbolically importantbanyan trees, theKiai Dewandaru planted during the reign of Sri SultanHamengkubuwono I, coincidentally fell in theAlun-Alun Lor (Northern Parade Square) concurrently with the funerary rites of Hamengkubuwono IX; this was attributed by theKejawènJavanese as a sign of the immense grief of even the lands of the kingdom themselves. Thebanyan was replanted with the approval of Hamengkubuwono X, although it is diminutive beside the centuries-oldKiai Wijayadaru on the east flank.
Hamengkubuwono IX never had a queen consort during his reign; preferring instead to take fourconcubines by whom he had 21 children.[citation needed]
Hamengkubuwono IX was a fan of ChineseSilat movies and novels.[28] He also enjoyed cooking and headed an unofficial ChineseSilat club which included Cabinet Ministers as its members.
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (Indonesian:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (20 May 1967)
Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class (Indonesian:Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (20 May 1967)
Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (Indonesian:Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) 15 February 1961)
France:
Grand Officer of theLegion of Honour
Germany:
Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Japan
Grand Cordon of theOrder of the Rising Sun (1982)[29]
Malaysia:_-_SMN.svg)
Honorary Grand Commander of theOrder of the Defender of the Realm (SMN)Tun (1974)[30]
Honorary Grand Commander of theOrder of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) –Tun (1972)
Philippines :
Grand Cross of theOrder of Sikatuna (1980)[31]
Thailand:_ribbon.svg)
Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of theMost Exalted Order of the White Elephant (KCE) (1960)[32]
United Kingdom
Honorary Knight Grand Cross ofThe Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)Sir (1974){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX Cadet branch of theHouse of Mataram Born: 12 April 1912 Died: 2 October 1988 | ||
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Vice President of Indonesia 23 March 1973 – 23 March 1978 | Succeeded by |
| New title Office established | Governor of Yogyakarta 1950–1988 | Succeeded by |
| Regnal titles | ||
| Preceded by | Sultan of Yogyakarta 1940–1988 | Succeeded by |
 | ||
