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TheHamburg U-Bahn is arapid transit system serving the cities ofHamburg,Norderstedt, andAhrensburg in Germany. Although referred to by the term U-Bahn (the "U" commonly being understood as standing forUntergrund "underground"), most of the system's track length is above ground. Many of the system's stations offer passenger interchanges with thecity's S-Bahn system, which also has underground sections. It is operated byHamburger Hochbahn within theHamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV). It was opened in February 1912,[4] and comprises four lines serving 93 stations,[2] with a route length of 106.4 kilometres (66.1 mi) in 2019.[6]
In 1906 theSenate of Hamburg awarded a contract for the Elevated and Underground Railway toSiemens & Halske andAEG of Berlin. The first stretch was completed on 7 October 1906.This was followed in 1911 with the founding of theHamburger Hochbahn Aktiengesellschaft (HHA). Thus Hamburg became the third German city (after Berlin, 1902 andSchöneberg,1910) to have aU-Bahn (then known as the Elevated and Underground Railway (Hoch- und Untergrundbahn) as it is largely either elevated or in tunnels – not much at street level).
The construction of such a railway had long been discussed, meanwhile an elevated train was also considered. In 1906 a circular route was begun, connectingHamburg Hauptbahnhof – Berliner Tor – Barmbek (earlier spelling: Barmbeck) – Kellinghusenstraße – Schlump –Landungsbrücken (earlier designation: Hafentor) – Rathaus – Hauptbahnhof with branches to the quarters ofEimsbüttel,Ohlsdorf andRothenburgsort. On 15 February 1912 the first stretch of the futureRingbahn (Circle railway) betweenRathaus station andBarmbek was inaugurated. The stretch included both underground and elevated sections.
By 1915 the Ringbahn and the three spurs, fromKellinghusenstraße toOhlsdorf, fromSchlump toHellkamp (today: disused station betweenOster- andLutterothstraße) and from central station toRothenburgsort were completed. By 1934 the extensions fromOhlsdorf toOchsenzoll (Langenhorner Bahn), fromKellinghusenstraße toJungfernstieg (KellJung line), and theWalddörferbahn (Forestvillages line) fromBarmbek toGroßhansdorf andOhlstedt were completed.
In 1943, during the Second World War the subway was badly damaged during 'Operation Gomorrha,' theRAF bombing of Hamburg that summer. The stretch fromHauptbahnhof toRothenburgsort was not repaired because the district it passed through had been completely destroyed.[7] It was five more years before the remaining network was once more completely intact.
Further additions to the network were made, starting in 1960. The KellJung line was extended viaMeßberg to the central station (Hauptbahnhof). Later in 1962 the extension reachedWandsbek Markt and in 1963Wandsbek-Gartenstadt. The total network length was 67.9 kilometres (42 mi).
The construction of aDurchmesserstrecke (diameter route) began in 1963. The plan was to connectBillstedt with Stellingen. The Eimsbüttel branch formed the western part of the line. The branch was extended up toHagenbecks Tierpark in 1966. The existing terminus atHellkamp was withdrawn from service in 1964 and a new station was built atLutterothstraße further northwest.
The connection betweenBerliner Tor andHorner Rennbahn was opened in 1967. In the same year this eastern branch was extended toLegienstraße. Further extensions took place in 1969 toBillstedt and in 1970 towardsMerkenstraße. The extensionOchsenzoll – Garstedt came into service in May 1969. Thus, the network total length reached 88.5 km (55 mi).
A new core stretch of the lineU2, betweenSchlump andBerliner Tor, became a direct connection through the city centre. Next to be brought into service were sections fromHauptbahnhof Nord toBerliner Tor in 1968, and fromSchlump (low) toGänsemarkt in 1970, then the last section, with two new platforms on the lowest level at the stationJungfernstieg under theBinnenalster, in 1973. This station, as well asHauptbahnhof Nord, was developed as part of theU4 line that was planned at that time.
In 1985 the section toHagenbecks Tierpark was extended toNiendorf Markt and again in 1991 as far asNiendorf Nord. In 1990 the extensionMerkenstraße – Mümmelmannsberg was opened. The line extension opened in 1996 betweenGarstedt andNorderstedt Mitte, which replaced the southern part of theAlsternordbahn.
In 2005 the Hamburg U-Bahn had a length of some 100.7 kilometres (63 mi), of which 40 km (25 mi) are underground. It had 89 station stops.
In 2009, theU3, beginning in Barmbek, traversed the complete ring line, thereby taking over the stretch between Berliner Tor and Barmbek, which was formerly served by the U2. In order to realise a problem-free service, a redesign of the current track layout to the west of Berliner Tor was necessary. An originally plannedgrade separated crossing of the two lines was realised, which was left undone before due to cost. Trains coming from the city centre leave the ring at Barmbek and continue via the viaduct stretch to Wandsbek Gartenstadt. One branch leads via the Walddörferbahn to Wandsbek-Gartenstadt, a stretch formerly served by the U2.[8]
In 2012, theU4 started operations between Billstedt andHafenCity University, sharing most of its route with the U2 and thereby increasing service on the highly used line betweenBerliner Tor andBillstedt. The U4 was extended further east to Elbbrücken in December 2018, providing a future S-Bahn connection.[9][10]
The eastern branch of the "Walddörferbahn" was originally intended to terminate at the stationBeimoor, just to the north ofGroßhansdorf, in order to connect a proposed housing development to the public transport system. By the time work was abandoned, the station platform had already been finished and tracks had been laid. Today the remains of the station are used as a winter home forbats in the middle of adry grass biotope.
Plans for a fourth line have been discussed since the 1970s. In those days it was planned for the line to lead from City Nord and Uhlenhorst via the city centre (Hauptbahnhof Nord and Jungfernstieg) andAltona to Lurup andOsdorfer Born. In order to link the green-field housing development at Osdorfer Born to the rest of the city as quickly as possible, a limited service on the stretch betweenAltona und Osdorfer Born was planned. Until the connection with the rest of the network was ready, it was intended to transport trains to the main service depot in Barmbek byflatbed trucks for maintenance. Platforms and track beds for this stretch were completed in the stations Hauptbahnhof Nord andJungfernstieg. Preparations for tunnel constructions were made in the area ofHamburg-Altona railway station and under the motorwayA 7 in Bahrenfeld.In preparation for the junction with theU1, an extra platform was built at the new station Sengelmannstraße. All these constructions remain unused to this day.
The northern surplus platform area at Hauptbahnhof Nord is currently used for the art installationSterne by Raimund Kummer and Stefan Huber. Here several concrete stars lie over the whole platform area as if they had fallen from the sky. At the same time the southern surplus platform area is still unused in any kind of way in 2018, displaying the station as it was opened in 1968 since changes in terms of advertising spaces, station signs etc. were never applied there. However, none of those two unused platforms are accessible as they are locked with fences. Today both unused platforms appear deteriorated and large segments of the wall coverings are missing, which is because the complete station already suffered from water damage in the 1970s (and, to a smaller extent, still frequently does so today) and it was necessary to remove those segments in order to fix the leaking ceiling and walls. This also had to be done at the U2 platforms, but as those have been in service, the coverings were mounted to the walls again after all repairs were finished.
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In 2015 major subway extension plans were published. They include:
Original plans also called for the U4 to be extended southward to theS-Bahn stationHarburg Rathaus viaWilhelmsburg, in order to provide a second rapid transit line to serve the south of Hamburg and relieve the busy S3/S5 that is - since its opening in 1983 - the only rapid transit service for the complete borough ofHarburg and nowadays operates at its capacity limit.[13] These plans are subject of discussions in 2018 still, no actual plans have been made so far. However, the new Elbbrücken station has been constructed in a way that allows a further extension of the line in the future.
The Hamburg U-Bahn consists of four lines:
| Line | Route | Trains used | First opened | Length (km) | Stations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U1 | Norderstedt Mitte –Jungfernstieg – Hauptbahnhof Süd –Ohlstedt /Großhansdorf | DT3 (rarely), DT4, DT5 | 1914 | 55.4 km | 46 |
| U2 | Niendorf Nord –Jungfernstieg – Hauptbahnhof Nord –Mümmelmannsberg | DT4 | 1913 | 24.5 km | 25 |
| U3 | Barmbek –Circle – Barmbek –Wandsbek-Gartenstadt | DT3 (rarely), DT5 | 1912 | 20.7 km | 25 |
| U4 | Elbbrücken –Jungfernstieg – Hauptbahnhof Nord –Billstedt | DT4, DT5 | 2012 | 13.3 km | 11 |
| Total: | 106.4 km | 91 | |||
| Line | Stretches from North / West to South / East | Stops (Terminal stations in bold) |
|---|---|---|
| U1 | Langenhorner Bahn | Norderstedt Mitte(A2) –Richtweg –Garstedt –Ochsenzoll – Kiwittsmoor – Langenhorn Nord – Langenhorn Markt –Fuhlsbüttel Nord – Fuhlsbüttel – Klein Borstel –Ohlsdorf(S1) |
| Ohlsdorf branch | Ohlsdorf – Sengelmannstraße – Alsterdorf –Lattenkamp – Hudtwalckerstraße –Kellinghusenstraße(U3) | |
| KellJung-Linie | Kellinghusenstraße – Klosterstern – Hallerstraße –Stephansplatz(Dammtor: S2, S5) –Jungfernstieg(U2, U4, S1, S3,Alster ferries, Rathaus: U3) | |
| Meßberglinie | Jungfernstieg –Meßberg – Steinstraße –Hauptbahnhof Süd(U3, S1, S2, S3, S5) | |
| Wandsbek extension | Hauptbahnhof Süd –Lohmühlenstraße –Lübecker Straße(U3) –Wartenau – Ritterstraße – Wandsbeker Chaussee(S1) –Wandsbek Markt – Straßburger Straße – Alter Teichweg –Wandsbek-Gartenstadt(U3) | |
| Walddörferbahn | Wandsbek-Gartenstadt – Trabrennbahn –Farmsen – Oldenfelde –Berne – Meiendorfer Weg –Volksdorf | |
| Volksdorf – Buckhorn – Hoisbüttel –Ohlstedt | ||
| Volksdorf – Buchenkamp – Ahrensburg West – Ahrensburg Ost – Schmalenbeck – Kiekut –Großhansdorf | ||
| U2 | Niendorf extension | Niendorf Nord – Schippelsweg – Joachim-Mähl-Straße –Niendorf Markt – Hagendeel –Hagenbecks Tierpark |
| Eimsbüttel branch | Hagenbecks Tierpark – Lutterothstraße – Osterstraße – Emilienstraße –Christuskirche –Schlump(U3) | |
| Diameter route | Schlump –Messehallen – Gänsemarkt –Jungfernstieg(U1, U4, S1, S3,Alster ferries) –Hauptbahnhof Nord(U4, S1, S2, S3, S5) –Berliner Tor(U3, U4, S1, S2) | |
| Billstedt branch | Berliner Tor – Burgstraße –Hammer Kirche – Rauhes Haus –Horner Rennbahn – Legienstraße –Billstedt – Merkenstraße – Steinfurther Allee –Mümmelmannsberg | |
| U3 | Ring (Circle Line) | Barmbek(U3, S1) –Saarlandstraße – Borgweg – Sierichstraße –Kellinghusenstraße(U1) – Eppendorfer Baum – Hoheluftbrücke –Schlump(U2) –Sternschanze(S2, S5) – Feldstraße –St. Pauli –Landungsbrücken(S1, S3,Elbe ferries) – Baumwall – Rödingsmarkt –Rathaus(Jungfernstieg: U1, U2, U4, S1, S3) – Mönckebergstraße –Hauptbahnhof Süd(U1, S1, S2, S3, S5) –Berliner Tor(U2, U4, S1, S2) –Lübecker Straße(U1) – Uhlandstraße –Mundsburg – Hamburger Straße – Dehnhaide –Barmbek(U3, S1) |
| Walddörferbahn | Barmbek – Habichtstraße –Wandsbek-Gartenstadt(U1) | |
| U4 | HafenCity line | Elbbrücken(S3, S5) –HafenCity Universität –Überseequartier –Jungfernstieg(U1, U2, S1, S3) |
| Diameter route | Jungfernstieg –Hauptbahnhof Nord(U2, S1, S2, S3, S5) | |
| Billstedt branch | Hauptbahnhof Nord –Berliner Tor(U2, U3, S1, S2) – Burgstraße –Hammer Kirche – Rauhes Haus –Horner Rennbahn – Legienstraße –Billstedt | |
| Rothenburgsorter Hochbahn
| Hauptbahnhof Süd(U1, U3, S1, S2, S3, S5) – Spaldingstraße – Süderstraße – Brückenstraße –Rothenburgsort(S2) | |
The line namesU1 undU2 were introduced with the timetable change on 22 May 1966, the nameU3 followed on 2 January 1967. Until the completion of the direct inner-city stretch, the futureU2, on 3 June 1973, the partial services on the already completed eastern (Hauptbahnhof Nord − Berliner Tor (− Barmbek) since 29 September 1968) and western (Schlump − Gänsemarkt since 31 May 1970) sections were known asU21 andU22 respectively.
Hamburger Hochbahn opened the new line U4 in November 2012. There had been an ongoing discussion about the costs and the benefit of this line, but the government of Hamburg decided to build it nevertheless. The underground line was dug using the same machinery as for the building of the new tunnel of theElbe tunnel.[14]
Services operate with a 5 or 10-minute frequency with the exception of the northeastern peripheral branches of U1 that have a 10 or 20-minute frequency. During peak times the frequency is increased to 3/3/4-minute or even 2/3-minute patterns. Since the timetable change in December 2004 the U-Bahn operates an all-night, 20-minute service interval on Friday and Saturday nights. From Sunday to Thursday the U-Bahn operates from 4 am to about 1 am.
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is a central junction with themainline railway, and, due to the confluence of all U-Bahn lines and all S-Bahn lines, an important interchange for suburban public transport as well.
Tunnels for the first underground railway were constructed at the same time as the Hauptbahnhof itself. The tunnels run underneath the mainline tracks, which are themselves below street level. The current U3 stops at this station, which, for more clarity, is now known asHauptbahnhof Süd. There is also an underground pedestrian tunnel parallel to the U3 circle line tunnel, which allowed a quick connection to the mainline platforms until the major part of it was closed off in 1991. The remaining part of the tunnel can still be used today to reach the S-Bahn platforms.
The unusual width of the vaulted station is due to the fact that it originally housed four tracks; the Rothenburgsort branch, which was destroyed in World War II and never rebuilt, used to begin here. The inner tracks remained in service until the 1970s and were used to terminate additional service trains until the trackbeds were covered to create one wide instead of two narrow platforms. The tracks that led up the ramp to the decommissioned line were used as layup tracks during that time. In 1960 the tunnel leading to the ramp was cut off as the then-built U1 tunnel crosses right through it.
The tunnels for the U1 were driven under the mainline railway next to the U3 tunnels in 1959, the platform for the U1 lies directly south to the U3 and is accessible via the same station entrances.
The opening of the line U2 (U21 in 1969) lead to the construction of a further underground stationHauptbahnhof Nord to serve it. The station is 30 metres (98 ft) below the surface; in the direction of theJungfernstieg station, the tunnels pass under theAussenalster, an artificial lake. The two outer platforms remain unused since their construction and were originally intended for a proposed U-Bahn line betweenAltona/Lurup and Winterhude/City Nord (see above).
The system is owned and operated by the Hamburger Hochbahn (HHA), except the Garstedt –Norderstedt Mitte section, which is owned by theVerkehrsgesellschaft Norderstedt (VGN) but also operated by the Hamburger Hochbahn.
The Hamburg U-Bahn uses standard gauge electric multiple units that run on third rail with 750 volts DC. The current fleet mostly consists of trains that had been developed from the 1950s to 1980s. In 2012, newly developed trains were introduced. A typical Hamburg U-Bahn train is made up of six (U3 line), eight or nine cars (all other lines). Trains with four cars can also be found during weekends or late nights.
TheType DT3 was introduced in 1968 to shorten the journey time on the U1 line. A total of 127 units were built from 1966 to 1971. 68 units were rebuilt from 1994 to 2001 and received a new front design, they are called DT3E (E = ertüchtigt = rebuilt, in this case). Six units (921–926) kept their original red front designed in the 1960s, they were equipped withLZB for semi-automatic operation between 1981 and 1985. The other 59 units were retired and scrapped due to structural issues and were replaced by new DT4 trains between 1995 and 2003, one unit (909) is being preserved to be restored and used as a museum train once all DT3 are retired. Between 2008 and 2011, most of the 68 remaining units received an interior refurbishing once again.
The prototype unit and the last built unit were converted toinduction motors around 1980 (being called DT3-DAT from then), in order to test this new technology for the upcoming order of the new DT4 series. They operated in revenue service until 1989 and were scrapped in 1995 (932) and 2000 (931).
As the DT3 is currently the oldest train type in the system, new DT5 trains are replacing them since 2013 and retirement has started in late 2015. By July 2018 28 of once 127 DT3 trains are still in service, only running on additional rush-hour services as regular service ended in Summer 2017. All six DT3-LZB units were retired in December 2016 because of their rusting bodies and the worn-out interiors (no DT3-LZB received the 2008 redesign), they were scrapped together with several refurbished units in 2017.
10 units are being rebuilt once again at FWM inHennigsdorf to serve as an operational reserve for about 10 more years. They receive small propulsion modifications, the interior redesign of 2008 (most of those units were not refurbished back then), improved departure signals and structural issues of the wearing car bodies are being fixed. The newly rebuilt cars are called "DT3N", in order to distinguish them from the regular DT3E cars as the technical modifications render electric coupling between both types impossible when running in revenue service.[15]
TheType DT4 was introduced in 1988 to replace the Type DT1, most of the DT2 trains and some DT3 trains. The Type DT4 came with a more futuristic design, reduced noise, increased safety and greater economy than the older trains. A total of 126 units were built in six batches from 1988 to 2005. Due to the long construction span the batches slightly differ from each other in terms of interior and exterior design, propulsion and destination signs. Also the first two batches had doors operated by handles, which were replaced by buttons around 2004.
Since 2011 the older DT4 trains are being refurbished as the oldest units are almost 30 years old already, by July 2018 the first 50 of 126 units have been refurbished. Additionally the electrical equipment (including propulsion) of the units 141 and 143–150 has been replaced by the equipment used in the sixth and youngest batch in order to receive spare parts for the aging first two batches, making mixed usage of these units with any other batch than the sixth impossible as their propulsion is incompatible to the one used in older units.
TheType DT5 was introduced in 2012 to completely renew the current rolling stock. By July 2018, 89 of 118 planned units have been built and delivered. The Type DT5 is the first type of U-Bahn trains in Hamburg with air-conditioning andopen gangways between the cars. More DT5 units were ordered than necessary for replacement of all DT2E and DT3E units, in order to enlarge the total number of cars in revenue service to be able to provide additional service in the future.
TheHHA Type T was introduced with the Hamburg U-Bahn itself. Nearly 400 cars were built from 1911 to 1943. Some cars were destroyed in World War II; these cars were rebuilt from 1947 to 1949 and signed as Type TU1. To raise the economy, another 100 cars were rebuilt from 1959 to 1961 and signed as TU2. The passenger service for the T/TU-type ended in 1970, some cars were converted to working service cars and were used until the 1980s. Five cars are preserved for museum rides, four of them in service and one awaiting restoration.
TheType DT1 was used from 1958 to 1991 in revenue service. A total of 100 cars (or 50 units) were produced. The Type DT1 had a much better acceleration than the T-type; however, their high energy consumption caused by their high weight left the Hamburger Hochbahn in dissatisfaction with the new trains, moving them into rush-hour service only in the 1970s. Most units were scrapped after their retirement while some cars were converted into working trains (retired in 2005) and three units were preserved for museum rides: The first one (516) was rebuilt between 1997 and 2000 and is used as a bar train that can be chartered for events. The second unit (512) awaits restoration until today, while the third unit (518) donates spare parts to both the other units. As the restoration of 512 has not begun by July 2018 (it is unknown whether the restoration will actually take place someday), 516 serves as the de facto DT1 museum unit.
TheType DT2 was introduced in 1962 to replace the Type T trains. After the experiences with the heavy DT1 trains they were constructed as light-weight cars with weaker engines to save energy. A total of almost 200 units were built from 1960 to 1966. Most of them also were rebuilt in the 1980s and 1990s as their lifespan was actually only intended to be 20–25 years. The refurbished units were called DT2E, however, only the last two of five batches received a full refurbishment together with a new front design. All cars of the first three batches were retired between 1997 and 2002, with the third batch already been taken out of service in 1994 as they slightly differed from the other units (also as only two of 15 DT2.3 were rebuilt). After the official retirement in 2004, 15 units remained in service as an operational reserve. Those were retired on 28 November 2015 after being replaced by new DT5 trains. One non-refurbished unit is preserved for museum rides but has not been sent into restoration yet (2018).
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Rapid transit in Europe | |
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Italics: under construction. | |
