Group of Norwegian dialects
Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual namesHalling ,Hallingdøl , orValdresmål ) is a group ofNorwegian dialects traditionally spoken in thetraditional districts ofHallingdal inBuskerud county andValdres inInnlandet county.[ a]
/rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal[dn̩] , while the allophone[ɳ] only occurs in words likebaren ([bɑːɳ] )[ 4] [ 5] [ b] /rl/ also has a prestopped realization[dl] .[ 5] The phoneme which is commonly calledthick L (written/ɽ/ inIPA ), exists in words that had either⟨l⟩ or⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. InVang Municipality ,/ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.[ 7] The consonant clusters⟨sk⟩ ,⟨skj⟩ , and⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as[ʂ ] , only⟨-rs-⟩ was.[ 8] Flå Municipality pronounces⟨sj⟩ as[ʂ] , whileGulsvik pronounces it as[ʂj] .[ 9] The consonant clusters⟨sl⟩ and⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to[sl] .Hol Municipality andÅl Municipality assimilated these to[l̥] ,[ 10] [ 11] Flå Municipality assimilated⟨sl⟩ to[ʂl] .[ 9] The clusters⟨-ld⟩ ,⟨-nd⟩ and⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.[ 12] [ 13] [ 14] TheOld Norse cluster⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated[bdn] or[bn] .[ 13] Theback vowels [ʊ, and[ɔ, in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as inOld Norse , without thevowel shift to, respectively,[ʉ, and[ʊ, that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.[ 15] [ 16] The short Old Norse vowels⟨o⟩ and⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central[ɞ ] almost everywhere, except forÅl Municipality (but notTorpo ), where these are back[ɔ ] .[ 7] [ 17] [ 18] Valdres (except forVang Municipality ), the schwa/ə/ can also be realized as[ɞ ] .[ 7] Traditionally,/æ, were pronounced as open-mid[ɛ ,ɛː ] .[ 15] The words pronounced[e(ː)] and[ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.[ 15] Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå Municipality ,Nesbyen Municipality and some inGol Municipality ), making the vowel/yː/ to be unrounded to[iː ] .[ 19] The Old Norse diphthongs⟨ei⟩ ,⟨ey⟩ and⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as[aɪ̯] ,[ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)[ 19] [aʊ̯] . This is occurs today especially in upperValdres andHol Municipality , andÅl Municipality .[ 7] [ 8] Declension of nouns[ 20] [ 21] [ c] Gender Singular Plural Indefinite Definite Dative Indefinite Definite Dative Feminine Strongi - [suːɽ] [suːɽɛ] [suːɳ] [ˈsuːˈɽɛ] ,[ d] [ˈsuːˈɽi] [ e] [ˈsuːɽˈidn̩] [ˈsuːˈɽu] Stronga -decl.) [jaɪ̯t] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩] [jaɪ̯ta] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu] Weaku -decl.) [ˈjɛnˈtɛ] [ˈjɛnˈta] [ˈjɛnˈtʉn] [ˈjɛnˈtʉ] [ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩] [ˈjɛnˈtu] Masculine Stronga -decl.) [gʉːt] [gʉːtn̩] [gʉːta] [ˈgʉːˈta] [ˈgʉːˈtadn̩] [ˈgʉːˈtu] Strongi -decl.) [griːs] [griːsn̩] [ˈgriːˈsɛ] [ˈgriːˈsɛ] ,[ d] [ˈgriːˈsi] [ e] [ˈgriːˈsidn̩] [griːsu] Weaka -decl.) [ˈbakˈkɛ] [ˈbakˈkin] [ˈbakˈka] [ˈbakˈka] [ˈbakˈkadn̩] [ˈbakˈku] Neutrum Strong [hʉːs] [hʉːsɛ] [ˈhʉːˈsɛ] [hʉːs] [hʉːsɛ] Weak [aʊ̯ga] [aʊ̯ga(ə)] [aʊ̯gaɛ] [aʊ̯gʉ] ,[ f] [aʊ̯gu] [ d] [aʊ̯gu] ,[ f] [aʊ̯gʉdn̩] [ d] [aʊ̯gu]
Personal pronouns[ 22] [ 23] [ c] Person Subjective Objective Dative Possessive Feminine Masculine Neuter Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. 1st p. sg. [eː] [meː] [meː] [miː] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] [mɪn] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] [mɪt] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] 2nd person sg. [dʉː] [deː] [deː] [diː] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] [dɪn] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] [dɪt] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] 3rd p. sg. f. [huː] ,[ˈhuːˈna] [huː] ,[ˈhuːˈna] [ˈhɛnˈnɛ] ,[n] [ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar] ),[ g] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs] [ h] 3rd p. sg. m. [han] ,[n] [han] ,[n] [huːnu] ,[u] [has] 3rd p. sg. n. [dɛ] [dɛ] [di] [siː] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] [sɪn] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] [sɪt] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] 1st p. pl. [meː] ,[mɞː] [ i] [ʉs] ,[ɞs] [ j] [ʉs] ,[ɞs] [ j] [voːr] [voʈ] [ˈvoːˈre] [ k] [ˈvoːˈru] 2nd p. pl. [deː] ,[dɞː] [ i] [ˈdikˈka(n)] ,[ˈdikˈku(n)] [ l] [ˈdikˈka(n)] ,[ˈdikˈku(n)] [ l] [ˈdikˈka(n)] ,[ˈdikˈku(n)] [ l] 3rd p. pl [daɪ̯] [daɪ̯] [daɪ̯] [ˈdaɪ̯ˈris] ,[ˈdeːˈris] ,[ˈdeːˈres] [ j]
^ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen inSør-Aurdal Municipality (Valdres ) don't speak Valdris,[ 2] Ringerike dialect.[ 3] ^ It may also be realized as[tn̩] inHemsedal Municipality ,Gol Municipality , and the southern villages inValdres , although this only occurs in plural definite form.[ 6] [ 5] ^a b The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift. ^a b c d Only used inValdres .[ 21] ^a b Only used inHallingdal and the southern villages inValdres .[ 21] ^a b Only used inHallingdal .[ 21] ^ These forms are used interchangeably,[ 24] Hallingdal only uses the first, without ther .[ 25] ^ Only used inNord-Aurdal Municipality ,Sør-Aurdal Municipality , andEtnedal Municipality .[ 24] ^a b Only used inValdres , except forVang Municipality .[ 24] ^a b c Only used inSør-Aurdal Municipality .[ 24] ^ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre,[ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[ 26] ^a b c Only used inHol Municipality andÅl Municipality .[ 27] ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24)."Older Runic" .Glottolog Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology .Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved2022-11-13 . ^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 7.^ Jahr 1990 , p. 57.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 12.^a b c Skjekkeland 1997 , p. 116.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 19, 21.^a b c d Jahr 1990 , p. 58.^a b Kvåle 1999 , p. 17.^a b Venås 1977 , p. 36.^ Ross 1907 , p. 20.^ Venås 1977 , p. 16.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 18.^a b Skjekkeland 1997 , p. 216.^ Venås 1977 , p. 48.^a b c Kvåle 1999 , p. 15.^ Skjekkeland 1997 , p. 47.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 16.^ Venås, Kjell."dialekter i Hallingdal" .snl.no . Retrieved8 July 2015 . ^a b Jahr 1990 , p. 56.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 20-25.^a b c d Ross 1907 , p. 22.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 32-34.^ Venås 1977 , p. 127-133.^a b c d Kvåle 1999 , p. 32.^ Venås 1977 , p. 127-128.^ Kvåle 1999 , p. 34.^ Venås 1977 , p. 129.
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