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Thepalmette is a motif in decorative art which, in its most characteristic expression, resembles the fan-shaped leaves of apalm tree. It has a far-reaching history, originating inancient Egypt with a subsequent development through the art of most ofEurasia, often in forms that bear relatively little resemblance to the original. Inancient Greek andRoman uses it is also known as theanthemion (from theGreek ανθέμιον, a flower). It is found in most artistic media, but especially as anarchitectural ornament, whether carved or painted, and painted on ceramics. It is very often a component of the design of afrieze or border. The complex evolution of the palmette was first traced byAlois Riegl in hisStilfragen of 1893. Thehalf-palmette, bisected vertically, is also a very common motif, found in many mutated and vestigial forms, and especially important in the development ofplant-based scroll ornament.
The essence of the palmette is a symmetrical group of spreading "fronds" that spread out from a single base, normally widening as they go out, before ending at a rounded or fairly blunt pointed tip. There may be a central frond that is larger than the rest. The number of fronds is variable, but typically between five and about fifteen.
In the repeated border design commonly referred to as anthemion the palm fronds more closely resemble petals of thehoneysuckle flower, as if designed to attract fertilizing insects. Some compare the shape to an openhamsa[1] hand – explaining the commonality and derivation of the 'palm' of the hand.
In some forms of the motif the volutes or scrolls resemble a pair of eyes, like those on the harmika[2] of the Tibetan or Nepalesestupa and the eyes and sun-disk[3] at the crown of Egyptian stelae.
In some variants the features of a more fully developed face[3] become discernible in the palmette itself, while in certain architectural uses, usually at the head ofpilasters orherms, the fan of palm-frondstransforms into a male or female face and the volutes sometimes appear as breasts. Common to all these forms is the pair of volutes at the base of the fan – constituting the defining characteristics of the palmette.
It is thought that the palmette originated in ancient Egypt 2,500 years BC,[4] and has influenced Greek art. Egyptian palmettes (Greek anthemia) were originally based on features of various flowers, including thepapyrus and thelotus orlily representing lower and upper Egypt and their fertile union, before it became associated with the palm tree. From earliest times there was a strong association with the sun and it is probably an early form of thehalo.Among the oldest forms of the palmette in ancient Egypt was a 'rosette' or daisy-like lotus flower[5] emerging from a 'V' of foliage or petals resembling theakhet hieroglyph depicting the setting or rising sun at the point where it touches the two mountains of the horizon – 'dying', being 'reborn' and giving life to the earth. A second form, apparently evolved from this, is a more fully developed palmette[6] similar to the forms found in Ancient Greece.
Third is a version consisting of a clump of lotus or papyrus blooms on tall stems, with a drooping bud or flower on either side, arising from a (primal) swamp. The lotus and papyrus clump occur in association withHapi, the god of the crucial life-giving annual Nile inundation, who binds their stems together around an offering table in the sema-tawi motif – itself echoing the shapes of the 'akhet' of the horizon. This unification scene appeared on the base of the throne of several kings, who were thought of as preserving the union of the two lands of (upper and lower, but also physical and spiritual) Egypt and thereby mastering the forces of renewal. These 'binding' scenes, and the heliotropic swamp plants appearing in them, evoked the necessity of discerning and revealing the underlying harmony, the origin of all manifest forms, that re-connects the dispersed and separate-seeming fragments of everyday experience. The further implication is that it is from this apparently occult and magical, undivided source that fertility and new life spring.
Another variant of this motif is a single lotus bloom between two upright buds, a favourite fragrant offering. The god of fragrance,Nefertem,[7] is represented by such a lotus, or is shown bearing a lotus as hiscrown. The lotus in Nefertem's head dress typically incorporates twin 'menats'[8] or necklace counterpoises (commonly said to represent fertility) hanging down from the base of the flower on either side of the stem, recalling the symmetrically drooping pair of stems in the lotus and papyrus clumps mentioned above. When depicted on Egyptian tomb walls and in formalized garden scenes,[9] date palms are invariably shown in a similar stylistic convention with a cluster of dates hanging down on either side below the crown in this same position. The link between these hanging clusters and the volutes of the palmette is visually clear, but remains inexplicit. Rising and setting sun and opening and closing lotus are linked by theOsiris legend to day and night, life and death and the nightly ordeal of the setting sun to be swallowed by night-sky goddessNut, to pass through theDuat ("underworld") and be born anew each morning.[10] The plants depicted with this solar fan of fronds or petals and 'supported' by pairs of pendant blooms, buds or fruit clusters all seem especially to emulate and share in the sun's sacrificial cycle of death and rebirth and to point to the lessons it holds for mankind. It seems likely that the underlying model for all these fertile shapes, echoed by the curling cows-horn wig and sistrum-volutes of maternity-goddessHathor, was the womb, with the twin egg-clusters of itsovaries. When the sun is reborn in the morning it is said to be born from the womb of Nut. The stylized palmette-forms of the lotus and papyrus showing the solar rosette or daisy-wheel emerging from the volutes of the calyx are similar magical enactments of the 'akhet' – this sacred moment of enhanced creation, the act of transcending or surpassing one's mortal form and 'going forth by day' as anakh or higher, winged, shining, all-encompassing and all-seeing form of life.
Most early Egyptian forms of the motif appear later in Crete, Mesopotamia, Assyria and Ancient Persia, including the daisy-wheel-style lotus and bud border.[11] In the form of the palmette that appears most frequently onGreek pottery,[12] often interspersed with scenes of heroic deeds, the same motif is bound within a leaf-shaped or lotus-bud shaped outer line. The outer line can be seen to have evolved from an alternating frieze of stylized lotus and palmette.[13] This anticipates the form it often took – from Renaissance sculpture through to Baroque fountains – of the inside of a halfscallop shell, in which the palm fronds have become the fan of the shell and the scrolls remain at the convergence of the fan. Here the shape was associated withVenus orNeptune and was typically flanked by a pair of dolphins[citation needed] or became a vehicle drawn by sea-horses. Later, this circular or oval outer line became a motif in itself, forming an open C-shape with the two in-growing scrolls at its tips. MuchBaroque andRococo furniture, stucco ornament or wrought-iron work of gates and balconies is made up of ever-varying combinations these C-scrolls, either on their own, back to back, or in support of full palmettes.
As an ornamental motif found inclassical architecture, the palmette and anthemion[14] take many and varied forms.[15] Typically, the upper part of the motif consists of five or more leaves or petals fanning rhythmically upwards from a single triangular or lozenge-shaped source at the base. In some instancesfruits resembling palm fruits hang down on either side above the base and below the lowest leaves. The lower part consists of a symmetrical pair of elegant 'S' scrolls orvolutes curling out sideways and downwards from the base of the leaves. The upper part recalls the thrusting growth of leaves and flowers, while the volutes of the lower part seem to suggest both contributing fertile energies and resulting fruits. It is often present on the necking of the capital ofIonic order columns; however in column capitals of theCorinthian order it takes the shape of a 'fleuron' or flower resting against theabacus (top-most slab) of the capital and springing out from a pair of volutes which, in some versions, give rise to the elaboratevolutes andacanthusornament of the capital.
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According to Boardman, although lotus friezes or palmette friezes were known inMesopotamia centuries before, the unnatural combination of various botanical elements which have no relationship in the wild, such as the palmette, thelotus and sometimesrosette flowers, is a purely Greek innovation, which was then adopted on a very broad geographical scale throughout the Hellenistic world.[16]
From the 5th century, palmettes tended to have sharply splaying leaves. From the 4th century however, the end of the leaves tend to turn in, forming what is called the "flame palmette" design. This is the design that was adopted inHellenistic architecture and became very popular on a wide geographical scale. This is the design that was adopted byIndia in the 3rd century BC for some of its sculptural friezes, such as on theabaci of thePillars of Ashoka, or the central design of thePataliputra capital, probably through theSeleucid Empire or Hellenistic cities such asAi-Khanoum.[17]
In classical architecture the motif had specific uses, including:
The palmette is related to a range of motifs in differing cultures and periods. Inancient Egypt palmette motifs existed both as a form of flower and as a stylized tree, often referred to as aTree of life. Other examples from ancient Egypt are the alternating lotus flower and bud border[19] designs, the winged disk ofHorus with its pair ofUraeus serpents, theEye of Horus and curve-topped commemorativestele. In later Assyrian versions of the Tree of Life, the feathered falcon wings of the Egyptian winged disk[20] have become associated with thefronds of the palm tree. Similar lotus flower and bud borders, closely associated with palmettes and rosettes, also appeared in Mesopotamia. There appears to be an equivalence between the horns of horned creatures, the wings of winged beings[21] includingangels,griffins andsphinxes and both the fan and the volutes of the palmette; there is also an underlying 'V' shape in each of these forms that parallels the association of the palm itself with victory, energy and optimism.
An image ofNike, winged goddess of victory, from anAttic vase of the 6th century BC (see gallery), shows how the sacrificial offering alluded to by the voluted altar and flame, the wings of the goddess and the victory being celebrated, all resonate with the same multiple underlying associations carried within the component forms of the palmette motif. Similar forms are found in the hovering winged disc and sacred trees[22] of Mesopotamia, thecaduceus wand ofHermes, the ubiquitous scrolled scallop shells in the canopy of theRenaissance sculptural niche, originating in Greek and Roman sarcophagi, echoed above theatricalproscenium arches[23] and on the doors, windows, wrought iron gates and balconies[24] of palaces and grand houses; the shell-likefanlight over the door inGeorgian[25] and similar urban architecture, thegul[26] and[27]boteh motifs ofCentral Asian carpets and textiles, thetrident of Neptune/Poseidon, both the trident andlingam ofShiva, the'bai sema' lotus-petal-shapedboundary markers of the Thai inner-temple, Vishnu's mount, Garuda,[28] the vajrathunderbolt,[29] diamond mace orenlightenmentjewel-in-the-lotus of Tibet and South-East Asia, the symmetrically scrolled cloud and bat[30] motifs and the similarly scrolled ruyi[31] or ju-i scepter and lingzhi[32] or fungus of longevity of the Chinese tradition. Both as a form of the lotus rising from the swamps to touch the sun and as a (palm) tree reaching from earth to heaven, the palmette carries the characteristics of theaxis mundi or world tree. Thefleur-de-lis, which became a potent and enigmatic emblem of thedivine right of kings, said to have been bestowed on early French kings by an angel, evolved in Egypt and Mesopotamia as a variant of the palmette.
Similarly, from the early 13th century to 1806 the divine right of theHoly Roman Emperors was conferred by investiture in theImperial Regalia, which included the coronation mantle displaying the twin lions (recalling the twin lions of Aker above) guarding the palm in the form of a tree of life, with its two pendant clusters of fruit.
Even everyday garden gates throughout Western suburbia are topped with almost identical pairs of scrolls seemingly derived from the motifs associated with the akhet and the palmette, including the relatedwinged sun and sun disk flanked with a pair of eyes.[3] Churchyard gates, tombs[33] and gravestones bear the motif over and again in different forms.
The anthemion is also the mint mark of the Mint of Greece, and it shows in allGreek euro coins destined for circulation, as well as in allGreek collectors' coins.
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![Etruscan antefix of a female figure with palmettes, c.520-510 BC, terracotta, Metropolitan Museum of Art[34]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aTerracotta_antefix_(roof_tile)_MET_DP207966.jpg)
![Ancient Greek detail of an Ionic frieze of the Erechtheum, Athens, 421–405 BC,[35] unknown architect](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aDetail_Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg)
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![Ancient Greek relief with palmettes from the ruins of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey, unknown architect or sculptor, c.300-150 BC[36]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aDidyma_2013-03-25q.jpg)
![Ancient Greek palmette of the Tomb of the Palmettes, Mieza, Greece, first half of the 3rd century BC[37]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aLefkadia_The_Tomb_of_the_Palmettes_%25E2%2580%2593_V_(37306799396).jpg)
![Ancient Greek polychrome palmettes, illustrated by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1830 (published in 1851)[38]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aChapiteau_ionique_en_marbre%2c_ant%25C3%25A9fixe_et_cymaises_en_marbre_et_en_terre_cuite%2c_d%25C3%25A9couverts_%25C3%25A0_Ath%25C3%25A8nes._Page_of_L%25E2%2580%2599Architecture_Polychrome_chez_les_Grecs%2c_published_in_1851.webp)
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